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BIO 101
BIO 101 Liberty University Online
80
Biology
Undergraduate 1
09/04/2010

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Term
Organic
Definition
type of molecule that consists primarily of carbon and hydrogen atoms
Term
Monomer
Definition
molecule that is a subunit of polymers. (generally small organic molecules such as simple sugars, fatty acids, amino acids, and nucleotides).
Term
Polymer
Definition
molecule that consists of multiple monomers.
Term
Metabolism
Definition
refers to activities by which cells acquire and use energy as they make and break apart organic compounds. It requires enzymes which are molecules that make reactions proceed faster then they would on their own.
Term
Condensation
Definition
process by which enzymes build large molecules from smaller subunits; water also forms. Water forms as a product of condensation when a hydroxyl group (OH-) from one of the molecules combines with a hydrogen atom from the other molecule.
Term
Hydrolysis
Definition
the reverse of condensation. Enzyme breaks a molecule into smaller subunits by attaching a hydroxyl group to one part and a hydrogen atom to another
Term
Carbohydrate
Definition
molecule that consists primarily of carbo, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in a 1:2:1 ratio.
Term
Monosaccharides
Definition
simplest carbohydrates. One sugar unit. Usually have a backbone of five or six carbon atoms.
Term
Oligosaccharide
Definition
short chain of covalently bonded monosacharides.
Term
Disaccharides
Definition
consist of 2 monosacharides.
Term
Polysacharides
Definition
hundreds or thousands of sugar monomers (aka monosacharides)
Term
cellulose
Definition
structure: chains of glucose side by side. Linked by hydrogen bonds..
Term
Starch
Definition
Term
Glycogen
Definition
in human body – an energy reserve – in livers and muscles. It is broken down into glucose monomers by hydrolysis.
Term
Lipid
Definition
fatty, oily, or waxy, organic compound.
Term
Fatty acids
Definition
organic compound that consists of a long chain of carbon atoms with an acidic carboxyl group at one end.
Term
Tryglycerides
Definition
– a lipid with three fatty acid tails attached to a glycerol backbone *they are the most abundant and richest energy source in vertebrate bodies.
Term
Saturated fats
Definition
fatty acid with no double bonds in its carbon tail.
Term
Unsaturated Fats
Definition
lipid with at least one double bond in a fatty acid tail.
Term
Phospholipid
Definition
a lipid with a phosphate group in its hydropholic head, and two nonpolar fatty acid tails. Tails are hydrophobic but heads are hydrophilic. *see figure
2.15
Term
Waxes
Definition
water-repellent lipid with long fatty acid tails bonded to long-chain alcohols or carbon rings.
Term
Steroids
Definition
a type of lipid with four carbon rings and no fatty acid tails - ex. Cholesterol,
Term
Protein
Definition
Term
Amino Acid
Definition
small organic compound with a carboxyl group, an amine group, and a characteristic side group (aka R group). (see illustration on page 33)
Term
Peptide bond
Definition
a bond between the amine group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another. (see illustration on pate 34)
Term
Polypeptide
Definition
chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
Term
Denature
Definition
to unravel the shape of a protein or other large biological molecule. When it does that it loses its function.
Term
Denature
Definition
to unravel the shape of a protein or other large biological molecule. When it does that it loses its function.
Term
Prion
Definition
infectious protein. (Misfolded proteins)
Term
Prion
Definition
infectious protein. (Misfolded proteins)
Term
ATP (Adenosine triphosphate)
Definition
nucleotide that consists of an adenine base, five carbon ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups. Also functions as an energy carrier.
Term
Nucleotides
Definition
monomer of nucleic acids; has five carbon sugar, nitrogen containing base, and phosphate groups.
Term
Nucleic Acids
Definition
chain of nucleotides joined by sugar-phosphate bonds.
Term
RNA
Definition
typically single stranded nucleic acid; roles in protein synthesis
Term
DNA
Definition
Nucleic acid that carries hereditary material; consists of two nucleotide chains twisted in a double helix. *hydrogen bonds between two nucleotides hold the two strands together.
Term
Plasma Membrane
Definition
a cell’s outermost membrane.
Term
Cytoplasm
Definition
semifluid substance enclosed by a cell’s plasma membrane.
Term
Organelles
Definition
structure that carries out a specialized metabolic function inside a cell.
Term
Organelles
Definition
structure that carries out a specialized metabolic function inside a cell.
Term
Nucleus
Definition
Organelle with two membranes that holds a eukaryotic cell’s DNA.
Term
Nucleoid
Definition
Region of cyptoplasm where the DNA is concentrated inside a prokaryotic cell.
Term
Cell
Definition
smallest unit of life
Term
Cell Theory
Definition
1. all organisms consist of one or more cells
2.the cell is the smallest unit of life
3.each new cell arises from another cell
4. a cell passes hereditary material to offspring.
Term
fluid mosaic model
Definition
a cell membrane can be considered a two-dimensional fluid of a mixed composition.
Term
Enzymes
Definition
molecule that speeds a chemical process without being changed by it.
Term
Adhesion proteins
Definition
membrane protein that helps cells stick together in tissues
Term
Adhesion proteins
Definition
membrane protein that helps cells stick together in tissues
Term
Recognition proteins
Definition
plasma membrane protein that tags a cell as belonging to self (one’s own body) (meaning recognizing foreign cells as well).
Term
Receptor proteins
Definition
plasma membrane protein that binds to a particular substance outside of the cell (help body eliminate toxins and infectious agents).
Term
Transport proteins
Definition
protein that passively or actively assists specific ions or molecules across a membrane. (because lipid bilayers are impermeable to most substances).
Term
Ribosomes
Definition
Organelle of protein synthesis (upon which polypeptides are assembled)
Term
Flagella
Definition
long, slender cellular structure used for motility.
Term
Pili
Definition
a protein filament that projects from the surface of some bacterial cells
Term
Cell Wall
Definition
semirigid but permeable structure that surrounds the plasma membrane of some cells. (for Archaeans consists of proteins). (For Bacteria consists of a polymer of peptides and polysaccharides--- sticky so they can cling to things).
Term
Cell Wall
Definition
semirigid but permeable structure that surrounds the plasma membrane of some cells. (for Archaeans consists of proteins). (For Bacteria consists of a polymer of peptides and polysaccharides--- sticky so they can cling to things).
Term
Biofilm
Definition
community of different types of microorganisms living within a shared mass of slime.
Term
Nuclear envelope
Definition
a double membrane that constitutes the outer boundary of the nucleus
Term
Endomembrane system
Definition
series of interacting organelles (endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, vesicles) between nucleus and plasma membrane; produces lipids, proteins.
Term
Endoplasmic reticulum (or ER)
Definition
organelle that is a continuous system of sacs and tubes; extension of the nuclear envelope. Rough ER is studded with ribosomes; smooth ER is not.
Term
Vesicles
Definition
small, membrane – enclosed, saclike organelle; different kinds store, transport or degrade their contents.
Term
Peroxisomes
Definition
enzyme-filled vesicle that breaks down amino acids, fatty acids, and toxic substances
Term
Vacuoles
Definition
a fluid-filled organelle that isolates or disposes of waste, debris, or toxic materials.
Term
Lysosomes
Definition
contain powerful digestive enzymes that break down the contents of vacuoles.
Term
Golgi body
Definition
organelle that modifies polypeptides and lipids; also sorts and packages finished products into vesicles.
Term
Golgi body
Definition
organelle that modifies polypeptides and lipids; also sorts and packages finished products into vesicles.
Term
Mitochondrion
Definition
double-membranes organelle that produces ATP.
Term
Chloroplasts
Definition
organelle of photosynthesis
Term
Chloroplasts
Definition
organelle of photosynthesis
Term
Cytoskeleton
Definition
dynamic framework of protein filaments that support, organize, and move eukaryotic cells and their internal structures.
Term
Microtubules
Definition
cytoskeletal element involved in movement; hollow filament of tubulin subunits.
Term
Microfilaments
Definition
reinforcing cytoskeletal element; fiber of actin subunites
Term
Intermediate Filaments
Definition
cytoskeletal element that locks cells and tissues together
Term
Motor proteins
Definition
type of energy using protein that interacts with cytoskeletal elements to move the cell’s parts or the whole cell.
Term
Cilia
Definition
short, movable structure that projects from the plasma membrane of some eukaryotic cells.
Term
Pseudopods
Definition
extendable lobe of membrane-enclosed cytoplasm
Term
Essential fatty acids
Definition
fatty acids that the body cannot make and must obtain from the diet
Term
Essential amino acids
Definition
amino acid that the body cannot make and must obtain from food
Term
Vitamins
Definition
organic substance required in small amounts for normal metabolism
Term
Minerals
Definition
inorganic substance that is require d in small amounts for normal metabolism
Term
endosymbiosis
Definition
one cell engulfs another (or one is a parasite to another) and produces ATP for the host. (Mitrochondria is believed to be this)
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