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| Metabolic rate involving maintenance, food processing, temp. regulation, and muscular activity involved in daily activities; 2400 Calories or 410 liters O2/day |
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| Minute sack-like clusters of very thin-walled chambers where oxygen enters the blood and carbon dioxide leaves it. |
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| This malady is the result of too few red blood cells,hemoglobin, and/or iron. |
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| Infection and/or allergies causing contractions of muscles of the respiratory pathways, sometimes alleviated with steroid inhalers. |
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| Metabolic rate involving only maintenance activites; no work such as muscular movement, food processing, or temp. regulation: 1800 Calories or 360 liters of oxygen/day. |
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| Cyclic internal metabolic activities which determine our "peak" times of the day and the "settings" of our biological clock; account for jet lag. |
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| Major branches of the trachea |
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| The max volume of air breathed IN (inspiratory) or OUT (expiratory); averages 3.5 liters or 1.5 liters respectively. |
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| A substance which binds to hemoglobin 300 times as readily as does oxygen accounts for its extreme danger,even in small amounts; derived from incomplete conbustion of fossil fuels. |
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| The difference in concentration between to areas of a substance. The rate of diffusion of any material depends on the distance traversed and the concentration gradient. |
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| Muscular sheet between the thorax and abdomen used in inhaling. |
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| Substantial reduction of gas exchange due to damage of alveolar tissue by repeated exposure to infection or chemicals (ex...smoking) |
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| Nutrient which "costs" 15 Calories to digest and absorb for every 100 Calories of it consumed. |
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| The type of (mathematical) relationship between body size and metabolic rate per gram of animal. |
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| A chemical which builds up in cells when insufficient oxygen is available to completely break down glucose. This build-up is called OXYGEN DEBT and causes a burning sensation in the muscles. The muscles slow their allowing oxygen to "burn off" the lactic acid to carbon dioxide and h20. |
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| Animals which have low metabolic rates per gram (or cell). |
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| Chamber between the glottis and the trachea containing the vocal cords. |
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| Major type of cancer in men and women; 10 to 25 times greater risk in smokers. |
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| All the chemical and physical activity of an organism. |
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| The passive diffusion of gases, etc. across membranes. |
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| When muscle cells don't receive enough oxygen to completely break glucose into carbon dioxide and water. LACTIC ACID builds up and a burning sensation in the muscles. |
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Definition
| The blood concentration of oxygen is SECOND to carbon dioxide as the most important factor in controlling the breathing center. |
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| Moist membranes of the ribs and lungs which adhere to pull the lungs into a larger volume during inhalation. |
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| Nutrient which "costs" 30Calories to digest and absorb for every 100 Calories of it consumed; best eaten in cold environment to keep warm. |
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| The volume of air which can be breathed IN (inspiratory) or OUT (expiratory) AFTER the Tidal Volume is accounted for. |
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| The volume of air which cannot be breathed IN or OUT; it remains in the lungs no matter how hard we exhale. |
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| Animals which have high metabolic rates per gram (or cell). |
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| Number of Liters of AIR breathed by the average adult per min (ex. minute volume) |
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| Number of days the average person can live without food |
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| Third and least important factor which can control the breathing center. |
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| Number of days the average person could live without water; number of minutes s/he could live without air. |
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| Volume of air taken in and out with each breath by the average person; about 0.5L. |
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Definition
| The total amount of air the lungs are capable of holdings, including the Residual Volume. |
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| Define & distinguish between basal and actual metabolic rate. Give the average human figures for both of these metabolic rates as measured in kcal/day and liters of oxygen/day. |
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| Define & distinguish between direct and indirect calorimetry and the BMR and AMR values of each. |
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| List 4 factors which influence metabolic rate. of the three mail foodstuffs, which requires the most energy to process? Which provides the greatest net energy yield after processing? Which would be most beneficial to eat under very warm conditions? Which would be best under very cold conditions. |
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| What are internal rhythms? How do they influence metabolic rate? What is the relationship between them and "jet lag"? |
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| Which animal uses the most energy and oxygen per day, a mouse or an elephant? Which tissue uses the most energy and oxygen per day, one ounce of mouse or one ounce of elephant? Which animal has the highest metabolic rate per gram of body weight, large or small animals? Which could be supported longer by 1 acre of hay, a ton of horses or a ton of rabbits? Why? What is the relationship of "surface area/mass" to this whole topic? |
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| What limits the maximum size of terrestrial mammals? What limits the minimum size? |
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| What are the four stages of respiration? Why is constant gas exchange so necessary? With the necessity of constant gas exchange, why are the gas exchange membranes so deep in the body? That is, why don't we just breathe through our skin the way earthworms do? |
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| List the organs involved in gas exchange and describe their functions in inspiration and expiration. Which process is active & which is normally passive. What specific muscles are involved in inspiration? Which are necessary for forced expiration? |
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Definition
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| Define the following volumes & give the average values for the human lungs: Tidal Volume, Inspiratory Capacity, Inspiratory Reserve, Expiratory Capacity, Expiratory Reserve, Residual Volume, Vital Capacity, Total Lung Volume. |
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Definition
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| What is the average ventilation rate for adults? Is it higher or lower for children? Explain. |
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Definition
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| Define Minute Volume. What is its average value for adults at rest? What is required under strenuous working conditions? |
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Definition
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| In which part of the brain is the Breathing Center located? How does the Hering-Breuer Reflex control breathing? |
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| Beyond the H-B reflex, to which of the following factors is the breathing center most sensitive, next most sensitive, and least sensitive: Oxygen concentration of the blood, willful control, carbon dioxide concentration of the blood. |
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Definition
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| Why is the passage of blood gases (O2 & CO2) into and out of the blood considered passive diffusion? The rate at which this diffusion occurs is dependent on what two factors? |
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| How and where is the oxygen transported in the blood to the tissues? How does this differ from carbon dioxide transport? Does carbon monoxide poison the tissues? Why is it so dangerous? In what way does carbon dioxide benefit us as it is being transported to the lungs for exhalation? |
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| In terms of ml O2/100ml of blood, what is the concentration of oxygen in the blood as it leaves the lungs on its way to the tissues? What is the concentration of oxygen in the blood returning to the lungs from the tissues (under "relaxed" conditions)? Then what percent of the oxygen available is actually used under these conditions? |
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| Describe two ways our body adjusts to the increasing oxygen needs as our activity gradually increases. Remember that the concentration of oxygen in the blood cant be increased aboce the amount stated in last card. Strenuous activity will use more oxygen than the above "adjustments" can supply to the tissues. oxygen debt sets in. Explain. |
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