Term
| its membrane is polarized: electrical charge on the outside of the membrane is positive while the electrical charge on the inside of the membrane is negative. |
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Definition
| Cell membranes surround neurons just as any other cell in the body has a membrane. When a neuron is not stimulated — it's just sitting with no impulse to carry or transmit — |
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Term
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Definition
| The outside of the cell contains excess sodium ions (Na+); the inside of the cell contains excess potassium ions (K+). (Ions are atoms of an element with a positive or negative charge.) |
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Term
| Neurons ar rest are in a state of disquilibrium |
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Definition
When the neuron is inactive and polarized, it's said to be at its resting potential. It remains this way until a stimulus comes along.
-K+ is permitted to exit the cell via "leak" channels
-K+ diffuses out of a cell
-leaving the inside of a cell is more negetive (-) |
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Term
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Definition
| electrical/chemical signals |
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Term
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Definition
separation of charge creates the resting membrane potential (RMP) and is responsible for electrical signaling in the nervous system.
-outside the cell: chloride ions and sodium ions
inside the cell: protein and potassium ions. |
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Term
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Definition
| when a stimulus disrupts a neuron's resting state sufficiently the neuron fires an action potential |
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Term
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Definition
-main form of communication in neuron
-involves rapid movement of ions in and out of cell
-each ion moves from high to low concentration
-results in brief reversal of charge along the axon |
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Term
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Definition
-all or none event
-based on summation of excitatory stimuli
-initiated at the trigger zone (axon hillock)
-neuron hits the threshold valve (not tetanus) |
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Term
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Definition
-When a stimulus reaches a resting neuron, the gated ion channels on the resting neuron's membrane open suddenly and allow the Na+ that was on the outside of the membrane to go rushing into the cell. As this happens, the neuron goes from being polarized to being depolarized.
-Remember that when the neuron was polarized, the outside of the membrane was positive, and the inside of the membrane was negative. Well, after more positive ions go charging inside the membrane, the inside becomes positive, as well; polarization is removed and the threshold is reached.
-Each neuron has a threshold level — the point at which there's no holding back. After the stimulus goes above the threshold level, more gated ion channels open and allow more Na+ inside the cell. This causes complete depolarization of the neuron and an action potential is created. In this state, the neuron continues to open Na+ channels all along the membrane. When this occurs, it's an all-or-none phenomenon. "All-or-none" means that if a stimulus doesn't exceed the threshold level and cause all the gates to open, no action potential results; however, after the threshold is crossed, there's no turning back: Complete depolarization occurs and the stimulus will be transmitted.
-When an impulse travels down an axon covered by a myelin sheath, the impulse must move between the uninsulated gaps called nodes of Ranvier that exist between each Schwann cell. |
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Term
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Definition
-action potential is initiated when stimulus is sufficient
-in human neurons usually 55mV
-peak at +30mV |
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Term
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Definition
-Na+ channels open
-sodium rushes into neuron
-inside of neuron becomes more positive |
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Term
| Repolarization: Potassium ions move outside, and sodium ions stay inside the membrane. |
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Definition
| After the inside of the cell becomes flooded with Na+, the gated ion channels on the inside of the membrane open to allow the K+ to move to the outside of the membrane. With K+ moving to the outside, the membrane's repolarization restores electrical balance, although it's opposite of the initial polarized membrane that had Na+ on the outside and K+ on the inside. Just after the K+ gates open, the Na+ gates close; otherwise, the membrane couldn't repolarize. |
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Term
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Definition
-Na+ channels close
-k+ channels open
-efflux of K+
-inside of neuron becomes more negetive |
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Term
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Definition
-k+ channels close
-return to RMP
-Neuron ready for another action potential
-unless in resting phase known as a "refractory period" |
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Term
| Action potentials move down axon like a row of falling dominos |
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Definition
-unidirectional current flow
-Action potential trigger zone triggers another action potential until the end of acon is reached |
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Term
| Action potential strength |
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Definition
-all or none-multiple fired per neuron
-channels (NA+) close at some voltage for every action potential
-action potential cannot stimulate and therefor arn't grated |
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Term
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Definition
-the myelin sheath increases the reate of conduction and helps in repair
-"salutatory conduction" |
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Term
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Definition
| In PNS, Schwann cells wrap around axon to myelinate neuron |
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Term
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Definition
| The acquisition, development, or formation of a myelin sheath around a nerve fiber. |
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Term
| Demyelination Disease: Multiple Sclerosis-symptoms depend on affected area |
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Definition
-deterioration of protective sheath surrounding neurons
-can occur in any part of the brain or spinal chord
-demyelinated motion neurons cause problems with movement
-demyelinated sensory neurons cause disturbances in sensation
--an auto immune disease
-cause not known |
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Term
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Definition
-race-white
-sex-women
-geography- distance from the equator
-genetics
-environmental exposure
-pathogens
-lifespan not influenced dramatically |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| (MS) No cure Treatments Include: |
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Definition
Medications:to block, regulate, and reduce body's immune system
-to reduce inflammation in nervous tissue
-to relax muscle and reduce muscle spasticity or stiffening
-to reduce fatigue
Physical methods:
-physical therapy strengthens muscle and increases flexibility
-plasma "exchange"
-filters and returns blood to host |
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Term
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Definition
-most neurons don't physically touch one another
-the synapse is a fluis filled space found between two neurons (most neurons don't physically touch one another) |
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Term
Synapses: tiny spaces between ajoining nerve cells
-usually a one way valve
-site of signal conversion |
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Definition
a single neuron may have thousands
-its unidirectional
-electrical impuse converted to chemical signal (neurotransmitters) |
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Term
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Definition
-chemicals released from the axon terminal that must traverse the synaptic cleft
(they move towards neurons that are holding receptors for them) |
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Term
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Definition
neurotransmitters exit the presynaptic neuron and settle on receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, where they initiate a new electrical signal.
-These NT signals are elctrical but differ from action potentials (receptors will bind with the NS and act as channels in the membrane)
-they can be excitatory or inhibitory and can summate (all or none) in the input zone
-it is additive and after they add onto each other they summate |
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Term
| (NT) There are approximately 45 NTs identified and studied |
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Definition
-some are excitatory and some inhibitory
-excitatory Nts make a cell more positively charged inside and brings the neuron closer to its threshold and makes it more likely to fire an action potential (it;s generating an action potential) |
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Term
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Definition
| drugs that alter ones mood or emotional state due to changed in one or more events at the synapse |
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Term
| Psychoactive drugs alter communication between neurons by: |
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Definition
-stimulating release of NTs
-Inhibiting release of Nts
-mimicking effect of NTs
-blocking receptor sites for Nts
-enhancing or prolonging effect of NTs in synapse |
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Term
| Mechanisms of psychoactive drugs |
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Definition
| some drugs stimulate release of NT or increase amount of NT is released by presynaptic cells |
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Term
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Definition
-a hallucinogenic drug that alters sensory perception: promotes the release of:seretonin, dopamine
-They flood the central nervous system
-3 days of exposure lead to long term neurological damage, neuro-toxic, can kills neurons in the brain, effects mood, pleasure and can have a long lasting effect on memory |
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Term
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Definition
| some drugs bind to receptors for Nts mimicking their activity |
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Term
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Definition
-hallucinogenic drug that alters sensory perception- mimics serotonin by binding to seratonergic in the brain
-occurs in post synaptic cell
-some drugs bind to receptors for NT, blocking NT from binding there |
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Term
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Definition
beta receptors are found in cardiac tissue and innervated by the autonomic nervous system
-blocks beta 1 receptors on the heart
-slows heart rate
- responsible for lowering blood pressure |
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Term
| Selective Serotonin reuptake inhibitor |
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Definition
-some drugs prolong ammount of time NT is in the synapse
-inhibits reuptake of seretonin by presynaptic call-leaves seratonin in synapse longer
-associated with elevated mood
(zoloft) |
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Term
| Tolerance/drug dependence |
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Definition
-progressive decrease in effectiveness of a drug
-person must take more drug to produce the same effect
-dependence: defined by an individuals need for the drug to function normally-causes continued drug use |
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Term
| The Peripheral nervous system (PNS) operates beyond the central nervous system: PNS composed of neural tissue |
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Definition
-outside the brain and spinal chord
-parasympathetic branch:
-rest and digest
sympathetic branch:
-fight or flight |
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Term
| Efferent Peripheral Nervous System : Autonamic Divisions |
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Definition
-composed of two neurons that synapse outside the CNS
-axons project to glands, organs, smooth and cardiac muscle
-"neuroeffector junction" is where second neuron synapse onto target cell (effector) |
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Term
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Definition
reigns during times of relaxation
-neurons originate in brain stem or sacral regions of the spine
-main NT: acetylcholine
-receptors are cholinergic-acetylcholine will bind |
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Term
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Definition
-contraction of pupils
-increased saliva secretion
-decreased heartrate
-contriction of airways
-increased blood flow to gut
-increased intestinal activity |
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Term
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Definition
-dominates in times of excitement or danger
-neurons originate from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal chord
-main Nts : nor-epinephrine (NE)
-receptors are adrenergic (having to do with adrenaline or none adrenaline) |
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Term
| Nor epinephrine release results in |
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Definition
-increased pupil diameter
-decreased salivation
-increased heart rate
-increased bronchial diameter (dilation)
-decreased blood blow to stomach and intestines
-increased blood flow to skeletal muscles |
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Term
| Central Nervous System (CNS) |
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Definition
CNS consists of spinal chord and brain.
-protection: meninges-protective barriers
-cerebro-spinal fluid |
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Term
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Definition
-series of three connective tissue covering surrounding and protecting brain and spinal chord
(thickest on the outside) |
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Term
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Definition
Dura Mater: layer of tough connective tissue immediatly beneath the skull
Arachnoid: thin and fragile intermediate layer that looks like a spider web
-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flows between strands
-Pia Mater: the intermost layer that are attached to neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| inflamation of the meninges |
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Term
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Definition
| inflamation of the meninges |
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Term
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Definition
-contained within ventricle cavities in the brain, there is no neuron tissue
-nourishes neurons and absorbs shock
-produced and absorbed constantly
-permits only certain materials to cross bessles, bacteria, and makees it difficult for them to enter |
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Term
| Brain consists of four main partsL |
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Definition
brain stem
-arencephalon and midbrain
-cerebelum
-cerebrum
-parts work together but each has its own role in the sensation and motor output |
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Term
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Definition
-portion of brain closest to the spinal cord
-consists of the midbrain, medulla oblongata, and the pons.
-Motor and sensory neurons travel through the brainstem allowing for the relay of signals between the brain and the spinal cord.
-The brainstem also controls life supporting autonomic functions of the peripheral nervous system.
-Alertness
Arousal
Breathing
Blood Pressure
Digestion
Heart Rate
Other Autonomic Functions
Relays Information Between the Peripheral Nerves and Spinal Cord to the Upper Parts of the Brain |
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Term
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Definition
medulla oblongata and pons
--controls automatic behaviors necessary for survival
-regulates heart rate, breathing and blood pressure |
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Term
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Definition
-portion of the brain posterior (top) of the brain stem
-maintains muscle tone, posture, and balance |
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Term
| Diencephalon and Midbrain: |
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Definition
-relay centers for sensory information from the body and motor responses from the cerebrum
-thalamus and hypothalamus located in diencephalon
-thalamus plays role in sensation motor activities, learning and memory, and involved in emotion
-hypo;regulated visceral activities controls thirst and concentration of urine |
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Term
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Definition
-most superficial part of the brain
-takes up largest volume
-integrates info and generates responses
-center for higher though:
-responsible for learning, memory and planning activities
-seperated into two hemespheres by deep groove
-longitudinal fissure
-each hemisphere acts contralaterall (left side control motor activities for right side and vice verse)
-receives sensory info from, and directs motor output to the opposite side of the body |
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Term
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Definition
-each hemisphere has abilities not shared with the other
cerebral dominance:
-left hemisphere controls language, math, logic
-right hemisphere controls visual spatial skills, emotions, and artistic skill |
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Term
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Definition
sensation:
-stimuli from left side of the body is sent and it interprets the right side
motor output:
-movement on left side requires impulses from the right hemisphere |
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Term
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Definition
-sensations from the body parts are sent to a specific segment
-each portion of the body is represented in a primary motor area
-the larger the area devoted to a part of the body, the more control we have over it's movement
-the greater number of sensory receptors in the body part, the greater the area of brain dedicated to it |
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Term
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Definition
-extends from brain into vertebral column
-main route of communication between brain and body |
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Term
| -"neuroeffector junction" |
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Definition
| is where second neuron synapse onto target cell (effector) |
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Term
The Cardiovascular system
Three main components: |
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Definition
-blood- fluid and cells (connective tissue) matrix is fluid
-vessels
-heart |
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Term
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Definition
-conducts blood in continuous loops
-tubes for directing blood transport |
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Term
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Definition
(huge muscular pump)
-muscle organ that pumps blood through the body |
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Term
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Definition
| fragments of cells for repairinf damaged blood vessels |
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Term
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Definition
| -takes blood to lungs (from right side of the heart) where is becomes oxygenated and then goes back. |
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Term
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Definition
other blood vessels and organs serviced by circulation
-left side of the heart and travels to organs that need to be serviced and then returns to right side of the heart (picks up waste and carbon dioxide) |
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Term
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Definition
Blood flow starts at the heart--arteries (aorta) --arteriole (becomes smaller for arteriole circulation)--capillary (blood moves slowest and material exchange) (oxygenated blood)--venule (smaller veins) (deoxygenated blood)--vein--heart.
-picks up carbon dioxide tissues. |
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Term
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Definition
| hollow interior of a blood vessel-branch into smaller |
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Term
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Definition
-contains oxygen
arteries (aorta) - large diameter vessels that pump with great force, expand and carry oxygenated blood.
arteriole-site of variable resistance and expand and constrict based on chemical signals from nerves
-vascontriction/dilation determines where blood travels
-luen dialates:if you contract the lumen it gets smaller-basil constriction
-arterioles contract with chemical signals and are smaller in diameter |
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Term
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Definition
-place where fluids and blood can leave vessel and enter surrounding tissue
-smallest diameter vessels in the body, but they have a ton of cross-sectional areas
-service all tissue in the body (there are tons)
-they allow slow flow and velocity-have a leaky endothelial barrier: layer of epithelial cells that line the capillaries
-single cell thickness for easy exchange
-cells are leaky where white blood cells go to enter tissue
(white blood cells fight infection and immunity) |
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Term
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Definition
-an individual capillary lumen is as big as a red blood cell
-mass movement of H2o and dissolved solutes in and out of capillaries and it's highly regulated by hydraulics (blood) pressure of plasma and pressure on walls pushes fluid out of capillaries
-osmatic pressure, movement of water to equalize solute concentration (fluid contains nutrients) |
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Term
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Definition
blood pressure forces fluid out of capillary into surrounding fluid. has loose junctions.
(some proteins are too large to leave capillaries)
venous end: fluid is drawn back into capillary y osmotic pressure (osmosis-movement of H2o from one place to another)
-same amount of fluid is maintained |
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Term
| hydraulic (blood) pressure |
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Definition
-created by blood flow and results in filtration. (amount of fluid)
-its a highly concentrated solution to equalize concentration
-theres no major loss of H2o
-results in re-absorption of H2o into cap. |
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Term
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Definition
-created by proteins in capillaries (absent in extracellular fluid)
-water moves into the capillaries |
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Term
| filtration and re-absorption |
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Definition
-water loss is pumped back through circulation and lymphatic system, (leads to edema )
usually there is net filatration-lymphatic system (elephantitis, tissue dehydration) returns small quantity of excess fluid.
-if filtration > re-absorption edema occurs causing swelling to allow fluid to move allergen and release white blood cells
if re-absorption > filtration - tissue dehydration occurs |
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Term
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Definition
| -made up of whats in skeletal muscle and is located in the entrance of the capillary |
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Term
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Definition
venules- blood flow through cap. bed regulated by metabolic needs of the tissue being serviced.
-movement of de-oxygenated blood
-small vessels carry de-oxygenated blood from tissues
(sometimes they move against the flow of blood)(FIGHTS GRAVITY)
veins-large diameter vessels return blood to heart. |
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Term
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Definition
| -blood must move back to heart against gravity and without much pressure |
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Term
| fluid dynamics of venous circulation |
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Definition
| fluids move from small to large vessels(uni-directional,they prevent blood from going fast) |
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Term
| skeletal muscle pumps in venous circulation |
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Definition
| contraction of muscle push blood up and downward. |
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Term
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Definition
| superior vena cava, inferior vena cava femoral vein, femoral artery, bronchial artery, coronary artery. |
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Term
| major blood vessels in the body |
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Definition
jugular veins, corotid arteries:push oxy. blood to brain
-coronary arteries: bring blood to heart
-bronchial is used for blood pressure
-femoral artery sends blood to legs and feet (oxy blood)
-femral vein carries deoxy. blood to heart
jugular vein- deoxy. blood from head and retursn it to heart
vena cava- carries deoxy. blood and pumps into heart |
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Term
| The Heart is a muscular pump |
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Definition
-cardiac cells contract all together
(syncinization) until death
(protected by teh thoracic cage)
-delivers blood materials behind ribcage and thoracic region.
-superior to diaphragm
-double membrane-smooth |
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Term
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Definition
pericardium- fibrous sac that holds heart (thickest portion)
myocardium-makes up mass of the heart that is made up of muscle cells and responsible for relaxation and contraction
Endocardium-thin membrane lining cavities (internally) and ventricles of the heart |
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Term
Four chambers of the heart
(acts like a dual pump) |
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Definition
right side: right atrium (hollow chamber, deoxy. blood enters the heart) it's the receiving chamber.
-below is the right ventricle- unidirectionally aided through valves and contraction
-it recieves all the blood
-only right side is deoxy. blood
left side:
-has some chambers and some movement
-left atrium and left ventricle-blood flows from atrium to atrium |
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Term
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Definition
Major Arteries- taking blood away from the heart
-pulmonary artery is associated with right ventricle to pulmonary artery
-carries deoxy. blood BUT THIS IS THE EXCEPTION.
carries this to the lungs and moves into the right ventricle
-the aorta is associated with the left ventricle. when it contracts it pushes blood out into systemic circulation
-it will always be oxy. blood
-pulmonary veins-part of pulmonary circuit and carries oxy. blood from lungs to heart
-right side of heart-to lungs-back to heart (pulm. veins)--enters left atrium.
-superior and inferior vena cava veins carry blood to right side of the heart.
-vena cava--delivers deoxy. blood to right atrium and into right ventricle--begin pulm. circuit and pumps blood into pulm artery. (deoxy. blood)--and goes to lungs where it becomes oxy. blood--drops it off (picks up oxy. blood) returns to heart ad pulmonary veins.--dumps into left atrium --oxy.blood--left atrium to left ventrivle and is pum ped through rest of the bopdy through the aorta. (system circulation) |
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Term
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Definition
-keep components of the heart seperated
-this opens and allows movement of bood to one component to the next, closed state
-keeps parts seperate and prevents backflow of blood-valves respond to changes of pressure and opens and closes in response to a decrease in pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| are between the atria and ventricle on both sides- right AV valve, left AV valve, bicuspid valve (has 2 flaps on left side-mitral), tricuspid valve on right side (3 flaps) |
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Term
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Definition
-between ventricle and their associated valves (look like partial moons)
-pulmonary valve (between right ventricle and pulmonary artery) |
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Term
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Definition
-opens and closes with pressure
-blood flows between right ventricle and pulmonary artery
-aortic valve is between left ventricle and aorta) both valves open together
-blood only flows in one direction
-blood shouldnt flow when the ventricle is closed
-tri and bicuspis valves blood flows from atria to ventricles (uni-directional) |
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Term
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Definition
-contraction and relaxation of differnt parts of the heart
-atria and ventricles don't contract at the same time
-one cycle of contraction and relaxation in the heart consists of systole and diastole |
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Term
| The Cardiac Cycle: one cycle of contraction-relaxation in the heart |
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Definition
systole:phase of muscular contraction
Diastole: phase of muscular relaxation
-systole and diastole take place at the same time in different parts of the heart: atria vs. ventricles (blood flows deoxy. blood enters the right atrium) |
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Term
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Definition
diastole: both stria and ventricles are relaxed in a leaky stage
-theres passive flow of blood that opens the atria (no muscle contraction) atria-ventricles
-there is no valve between pulmonary valve and left artery |
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Term
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Definition
the atria contracts, delivering the last bit of blood into the ventricles (AV valves into ventricles)
-while this is happening the other valves are closed (pulmonary and aortic valves-closed)
-the atria is in systole while the valves are in diastole
-during ventrical diastole the atria is relaxed and AV valves are shut
-then AV valves undergo systole |
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Term
|
Definition
-ventricles contract (AV valves are closed) and blood is forced through pulmonary and aortic valves.
-they open in response to pressure of blood, from bottom of the heart to the top and pushes blood upwards through semi-lunar valves into circulattion |
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Term
| The Cardiovascular system part 3 |
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Definition
-left ventricles forces blood into the aorta
-after ventricles undergo systole they enter a period od diastole
-this is one cardiac cycle (heart can beat for a while after death) |
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Term
| The Heartbeat is controlled by: |
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Definition
Intrinsic Factors:actual heart tissue can work on its own. (myogenic)
-generates its own contraction and is initiated on its own from early fetal development
Extrinsic Factors:
-drugs that influence heart rate (amphetamines/beta blockers)
-hormones (epinephrine), adrenaline speeds up heart rate and the force of contraction-autonomic nervous system could cause rate to slow and get faster
-stretch (myocardine:muscle cells that make up the heart) the greater teh stretch the more blood they contain.
-greater contraction greater the force
-exersize increases heart-rate
-the rhythmic contraction of the heart is due to it's internal conduction system |
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Term
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Definition
action potentials
-consisten and self regulating |
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Term
| The Heart consists of two types of cells |
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Definition
myocardial autorhythmic cells: undergo autonomatic action potentials with a certain rhythm -generates electrical impulses without input (found in clusters, human pacemaker)
Mycardial contractile muscle cells:respond to electrical impulses stimulated by the autorhythmic cells-they contract in response to depolarization (they contract autorhymic cell don't) |
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Term
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Definition
the pacemaker (main node)
autorhymic cells:SA nodes located in the upper quadrant of the right atrium
-clustered cells that auto depolorize, create cell after cell...(main pacemaker of the heart) |
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Term
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Definition
found between atria and nodes (bottom right atrium)
-action potential travels through to reach ventricles (pathway electrical impulses travel) it's a stop-over point for electrical impulses |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Pacemaker to atria, through septum and to ventricles |
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Definition
1.SA node depolarizes /fires AP
2.Depolorization spreads through stria
3.AP travels through AV node, then to bottom of heart(apex) via conduction pathway
4.ventricular myocardial cells depolorize
5.ventricles contract from bottom to top
-pressure pushes blood through openings
(wave of contraction goes from bottom to top forces blood to pulm. and aortic arteries) |
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Term
|
Definition
-AV node has a slight delay and takes over when SA node fails
-depolarization spreads fast
- prevents mixing of oxy. and deoxy. blood (electrical impulses go to bottom and then pushed upward) |
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Term
| Excitation spreads from cell to cell via gap junctions |
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Definition
-muscle cells have specialized junctions, that have autoplasmic ridges called communication junctions
-they are located on abutting ends of two cardiac muscle cells |
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Term
|
Definition
The machine reads your heart and is attached to electrodes on your skin to detect activity of your heart
-records overall electrical activity of the heart
-each component reflects depolorization or repolarization of a portion of the heart (deflecton from baseline can be used to detect arythmia-irregular heartbeat) |
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Term
| Three major cf components ECG |
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Definition
P wave-depolarization of atria (before atria has a contraction)
QRS complec: ventricles undergo depolarization
-repolorization of the atria
T wave: repolarization of the ventricles |
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Term
|
Definition
bracycardia:elevated heart rate (46 beats per minutes)
not functioning at normal rate
-tachycardia:has regular rhythmic series of defectors (136 beats per minute) beating quickly
-ventricular fibrillation, defibrillator |
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Term
Cardiovascular Abnormalities
Pacemaking ability |
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Definition
| its typical fibrillation treatments:implantation of artificial pacemaker sets heart rhythm |
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Term
|
Definition
-normal number of sounds associated with valves closing, when it doesnt close properly, it makes an unusual extra sound
-it only needs treatment if there is a defect(can be present from birth)
-if AV valves dont close there could be backflow of blood
Treatment: prosthetic valve replacement (from cadavers) |
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Term
|
Definition
accumulation of fatty material which causes tension of artery walls (lumin isnt as open)
-buildup of lipis in walla (plaquwa) results in reduced blood flow leading to heart attacks and strokes
-aneurism-buildup from plaque (artery wall will balloon) and might rupture leading to stroke
-if there is a rupture of vessels the plaque is seen as a foreign material which causes a clot formation because body tries repairing the damage
-this is dangerous and causes backflow of blood
-thrombus-lodge in arteries, further decreasing blood-flow
-Embolism-clot that breaks free of vessel walls (can become lodged blocking flow causing stroke/heart attack)
-can start from childhood and adolescence
-silent killer
-can cause chronic elevated blood pressure
can be hereditary but related to lifestyle |
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Term
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Definition
-chronically elevated blood pressure often realted to athero. heart becomes less elastic over-time (in rigid form creates greater pressure)
-heart works harder to push blood through vessels
-the heart will enlarge if its working too uch
-heart thickens and its not elastic which can result in aneurisms and bursting of blood vessels (hemorage)
-heart attacks/strokes |
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Term
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Definition
systolic BP: pressure rising from contraction of ventricles (normalls 120mmHG of mercury)
it's abnormal if its over 140 mmHG
-simple pressure of blood against vessel walls
Diastolic BP: (when sounds end) pressure during relaxation of ventricles (normally 80mmHg)
-abnormal above 90mmHg
-usually written as systolic/diastolic (120/80mmHg) |
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Term
| Cardiovascular Disease CVD |
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Definition
class of diseases that invade the heart or blood vessels
-unhealthy diet
-physical inactivity
-tobacco use
-#1 death golbally
-occurs equally in women and men |
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Term
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Definition
-Atherosclerosis
-cause of heart attacks
(myocardial infraction-death of heart muscle)
-its depleted of oxygen
-obstructed blood flow (ischemia)
causes damge to heart msucle (angina)
cardiac tissue doesnt regenerate
treatment: medicine, validations, and beta blockers/
-surgery |
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Term
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Definition
-moving a deplated baloon through the femral vein (cathater)
-goes to the heart, where the blockage is and they inflate teh balloon and the plaque is condensed (least invasive)
opens artery partially
success rate is high, mortality low
reoccurence rate is high 20% |
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Term
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Definition
| a surgical instrument or laser destoys fat deposits and removes them from artery wall |
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Term
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Definition
really invasive-section of vein is removed and attached to the aorta to bypass the clot around the plaque
-one attached to teh aorta
-other end connected to coronary artery by passing destructed redion
-provides oathway for blood to reach previously opened region of the heart muscle |
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Term
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Definition
| -TO PRODUCE atp ANIMALS must obtain O2 and eliminate CO2 |
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Term
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Definition
-In the process of producing ATP, mitochondria consumes O2 and produce CO2
-a person deprived of O2 dies
-CO2 build up in tissues causes disease-like symptoms
-after 4 min of deprivation will being cellular death)
-if we dont eliminate CO2 we'll go into acidosis (regulated through digestive track/holding breath for too long) |
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Term
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Definition
-circulatory & respiratory system work together to pass gas through the lungs
-once gas exchange goes through epithelial tissue they dont make their way back through and release CO2 |
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Term
| Respiratory SYSTEM FUNCTIONS |
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Definition
-gas exchange
-CO2 is waste product
-O2--lungs--bloodstream
-volaization (speech)
-rids body of exess heat and water
-acid-base balance |
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Term
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Definition
-can expand and recoil
-are not anatomically exact
-two labed elastic structures
-located within thoracic chest cavity
-contains airways and surfaces for gas exchange
-protected by rib-cage
-conducts gases through branching structures-bronchial) |
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Term
Upper structures:
Nose and nasal cavity |
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Definition
-blood vessels/hairs (filtration particles)/mucus/warm - filters pathogens
-olfactory cells that have receptors for the sense of smell |
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Term
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Definition
posterior to nose and mouth
-throat
-typically in open position
-common pathway for ait, food, and drink (don't pass at the same time)
attached to voicebox |
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Term
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Definition
voicebox, adams apple
-beings adjustable entryway
-prevents particles from entering lower tract
-produces voice
-composed of cartilage |
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Term
| Larynx-epiglottis/vocal chords |
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Definition
epiglottis-opens during breathing
-opens/closes the larynx when you want to pass air
-prevents food from enetering trachea
-Vocal CHords: flaps above opening of larynx called "glottis
-glottis vibrates when air passes
-various tension produces pitch
(thickness of vocal chords determines pitch and voice)
(losing voice is inflammation of vocal chords) |
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Term
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Definition
-called windpipe
-tube reinforced by rings of cartilage
(tracheotomy if someones choking insert a tube)
main airway from lyrinx to bronchi (fixed in open position) |
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Term
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Definition
-begin as two large branches originating at the trachea (gets smaller and smaller)
-held open by cartilage
-branches into tree-like series of air tubules |
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Term
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Definition
-made of smooth muscle
-smallest airway in resp. system
-where nervous system contracts amount of air and how much gas exchange takes place
-no cartilage, smooth muscle can be contracted and relaxed to change diameter
-controlled by ANS
sympathetic dischaRGE- airways would dilate and smooth muscle would relax
parasympathetic - contriction and contraction of smoth muscle-lumin shits
-other airways dont vary in resistance-lumin can open and close |
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Term
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Definition
-terminal end of branches found in clusters
-reamins open no matter what
small balloon sacs
-gas exchange through one celled thin walls
-the wall is fused with pulmonary capillaries |
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Term
| Aveoli-Gas exchange takes place across alveolar membrane |
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Definition
-membrane is 2 cells thick
-capillary beds fused with aveoli
-blood vessels fused because gas exchange goes through airways to capillaries
-O2 goes to capillaries and CO1 goes back through the alveoli
(O2 always moves in opposite direction and is waste) (mechanism based on pressure gradient) |
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Term
| Ventilation is the result of behavior of gases and mechanical events. |
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Definition
-unconscious act
-contraction adn relaxation of muscles and behavior of gases
-gas laws explain the movement of gases in resp. system
contraction adn relaxation of gasses |
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Term
Behavior of gases
-atmosphere is composed of a mix of gases: O2/CO2, argon, nitrogen |
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Definition
the presence of gas in mixtuere is expressed as partial pressure (Px)
-atmophere is cmoposed of gas that exerts pressure |
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Term
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Definition
-total sum of pressure in system is sum of individual partial pressures
-Ptotal=Pa+Pb+Pc...
-Patm=760mmHg |
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Term
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Definition
-pressure (P) and volume (V) are inversely related
-(P1V1)=(P2V2)
-As V decreases P increases
-increase V pressure decreases (always starting with volume) |
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Term
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Definition
| combined pressure of all atmospheric gases |
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Term
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Definition
| -pressure inside all the aveoli that determine which way of air mass |
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Term
| Mechanics of Ventilation" it would have to be disrupted |
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Definition
-lungs are stuck to thoracic cavity wall (should not detach)
-lungs never deflate completely because their stuck to wall which has a certain volume
-when thoracic cavity expands or recoils so do lungs |
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Term
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Definition
-diaphragm and external intercostals contract when muscles in between ribs contract
-volume of thoracic region expands
-diaphram moves downward, ribcage lifts
-volume of cavity increases
-pressure inside decreases
-air masses into lungs
inspiration ceases when Patm=Pintrapulmonary pressure inside the aveoli
(outside and inside pressure equalize)
-all gases made from areas of high pressure to low pressure |
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Term
| exhalation (passive) removes air from lungs |
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Definition
-diaphram and intercostals relax and recoil
ribcage goes back in and down
-thoracic cavity becomes smaller
-pressure in cavity increases above that of the atmosphere
-air maoves from lungs out into ATM
-air movement ceases when tehy equalize again (Pintrapulmonary=PATM) |
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Term
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Definition
rest-equal pressure (no air entering or leaving)
-once they contract lung volume changes and drives air into lungs
-opposite occurs during exhalation |
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Term
Factors Effecting Air Flow
-pressure gradients
-resistence to flow (which is influenced by: |
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Definition
-;length of airways (constant)
-viscosity of air (constant)
-radius of tubes that deliver air to aveoli that on;y changes in bronchioles |
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Term
Factors Effecting Air Flow
-trachea and Bronchi |
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Definition
-rigid structures (constant)
-constant source of resistence
(length and radius stays the same) |
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Term
Factors Effecting Air Flow
Bronchioles: |
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Definition
-bronchoconstriction -increased resistance to air flow (parasympathetic discharge)
-bronchodilation-decreased resistance to airflow because diameter is widened |
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