Term
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Definition
6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light à glucose + 6 O2 |
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Term
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Definition
| storing energy from sunlight in chemical bonds |
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Term
| what are photosynthetic organisms? |
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Definition
organisms that can perform photosynthesis
- plants, some but not all
- algae
- some bacteria and archaea
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Term
| Where does photosynthesis take place in plants? |
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Definition
| inside the chloroplasts inside the leaves |
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Term
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Definition
| openings that look like mouths that allow CO2 in and O2 out |
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Term
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Definition
| discs inside the chloroplast |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| fluid surrounding the structures in the cholorplast |
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Term
| What are the two steps of Photosynthesis |
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Definition
- light reaction
- Clavin cycle (dark reaction)
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Term
Where does the light reaction take place?
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Definition
| in the membrane of the thylakoid |
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Term
| Where does the calvin cycle happen |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the products of the light reactions |
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Definition
- oxygen
- ATP
- NADPH- and electron carrier only in photosynthesis
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Term
| what does the Calvin Cycle produce? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does the light reaction get energy? |
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Definition
| light harvesting molecules such as chlorophyll and others capture energy from sunlight and donate electrons to the system which is energy |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of radiation on the Electromagnetic Spectrum, which moves as waves |
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Term
| Waves can be different sizes with the distance between their crests ranging from very small to very large. what is the distance called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the Electromagnetic Spectrum? |
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Definition
| arranged as a gradient starting with very large wavelengths to very small. |
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Term
| True or false: the smaller the wavelength, the more energy it carries |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does visible light fall on the spectrum |
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Definition
| close to the middle of the spectrum |
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Term
| true or false: visible light is the sweet spot where photosynthetic organisms can harness energy |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| where light energy exists; they are like packets of pure energy that move in waves |
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Term
| What are the energy harvesting molecules? |
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Definition
- chlorophyll a absorbs red, purple, and blue- it reflects green light- why we see green
- Carotenoids absorb blue and green-reflect orange, red, and yellow- what we see in fall
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Term
| true or false: we see the color reflected |
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Definition
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Term
| why do we see oranges, reds, and yellow in the fall? |
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Definition
| chlorophyll a degrades and leaves carotenoids behind |
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Term
| What are the reasons for having carotenoids? |
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Definition
- gives access to more energy
- they can keep light from damaging chlorophyll a so that it doesn't get degraded
- can serve as antioxidants to neutralize reactive oxygen species in the cell
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Term
| What do light harvesting molecules do? |
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Definition
absorb light and eject electrons due to energy
- so electrons get excited and fall, and when they fall, they release light in different colors depending on the reaction
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Term
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Definition
the thylakoid membranes have large complexes of proteins and light harvesting molecules called this
- there are 2 photosystems that work together during the light reaction
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Term
| How does the light reaction work? |
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Definition
- a photon enters the photosystem and causes H2O to start moving
- water is split into H and O (source of O in photosynthesis)
- bounce from one molecule to the next until hitting chlorophyll a at P680.
- Chlorophyll a ejects the electron out of orbit to the electron transport chain
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Term
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Definition
Photosystem II à Electron Transport Chain II à Photosystem I à ETC I à NADP+ |
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Term
| path of electrons in the light reactions |
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Definition
- photon hits molecule in PSII. the electrons get excited and jump to high energy state
- they start to lose energy and fall to ground state, and as they fall, they are put through the ETCII
- AS electron move through the protein complexes protons are pumped to one side of the membrane until they reach a primary electron acceptor
- At end of ETCII, the electrons go into PSI where another photon hits and get excited at P700 chlorophyll.
- the electron falls to ground state again through ETC I and are ultimately deposited into the terminal electron acceptor, NADP+ to create NADH
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Term
| What happens to all the protons pumped by the ETC? |
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Definition
| ATP synthase allows protons to flow down the gradient from inside the thylakoid to the stroma and produces ATP as it spins |
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Term
| THE NADPH and ATP produced by the light reaction go to the |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does the Calvin Cycle take place? |
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Definition
| in the stroma of the chloroplast |
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Term
| What is the big picture of the Calvin cycle? |
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Definition
| combines energy produced by photosystems with CO2 to make G3P, and the G3P will be used to make glucose |
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Term
| What are the three phases of the Clavin Cycle? |
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Definition
- Carbon fixation
- Reduction
- regeneration of RuBp
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Term
| What is the starting and ending molecule of Calvin Cycle |
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Definition
| Ribulose Biphosphate (RuBP) |
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Term
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Definition
| a 5-carbon molecule with a phosphate group |
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Term
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Definition
| taking inorganic molecules and making the organic |
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Term
| What is phase 1: carbon fixation |
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Definition
- Rubisco combines 3 molecules of CO2 and 3 molecules of RuBP to form 6 Carbon molecules that immediately splits into six molecules of PGA that each have 3 carbons
- the generation of PGA is called the C3 pathways
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Term
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Definition
- energy from ATP and electrons from NADPH turn the 2 molecules of PGA into two molecules of PGA into Two Molecules of G3P
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Term
| Phase 3: Regeneration of RuBP |
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Definition
| Energy from ATP (from light reaction) combines 5 G3P molecules to make one RuBP. the sixth G3P exists the cycle |
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Term
| true or false: the Calvin cycle has to turn twice to get one molecule of glucose |
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Definition
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