Term
|
Definition
| is judging the quality of information |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
is limited to that which is observed
• Helps minimize bias in judgments by focusing on testable ideas
about observable aspects of nature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
that is inconsistent with results of scientific tests
(evidence) is modified or discarded |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
is a long-standing hypothesis that is used to
make useful predictions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tests that can support or falsify a prediction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A single characteristic in a set of individuals that differs from the
control group in an experiment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Group with a single variable characteristic to be tested against a
control group in an experiment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Group identical to the control group, except for the variable |
|
|
Term
| blind experimental design |
|
Definition
The experimental subjects do not know which treatment (if any)
they are receiving. |
|
|
Term
| double-blind experimental design |
|
Definition
Neither the experimental subjects nor the experimenter knows
which treatment the subject is receiving. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
is a difference between results from a subset
and results from the whole
• Small sample size increases the likelihood of sampling error in
experiments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
individuals make scientific-sounding claims
that are not supported by trustworthy, methodical scientific
studies. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
based on only one or a few
observations, people conclude that there is or is not a link
between two things. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
are the building blocks of all substances
• Made up of electrons, protons and neutrons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
have a negative charge
• Move around the nucleus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
is an electrical property
• Attracts or repels other subatomic particles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (number of protons) determines the element |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consist only of atoms with the same atomic number |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Different forms of the same element, with different numbers of
neutrons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Total protons and neutrons in a nucleus
• Used to identify isotopes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
of electron orbitals diagrams electron
vacancies; filled from inside out
• First shell: one orbital (2 electrons)
• Second shell: four orbitals (8 electrons)
• Third shell: four orbitals (8 electrons) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• An atom with a positive or negative charge due to loss or gain of
electrons in its outer shell
• Examples: Na+, Cl- |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A measure of an atom’s ability to pull electrons from another
atom |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
An attractive force existing between two atoms when their
electrons interact |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Two or more atoms joined in chemical bonds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Molecules consisting of two or more elements whose proportions
do not vary
• Example: Water (H2O) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Two or more substances that intermingle but do not bond;
proportions of each can vary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A strong mutual attraction between two oppositely charges ions
with a large difference in electronegativity
• Example: NaCl (table salt) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Two atoms with similar electronegativity and unpaired electrons
sharing a pair of electrons
• Can be stronger than ionic bonds
• Atoms can share one, two, or three pairs of electrons (single,
double, or triple covalent bonds) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Atoms sharing electrons equally; formed between atoms with
identical electronegativity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Atoms with different electronegativity do not share electrons
equally; one atom has a more negative charge, the other is more
positive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Separation of charge into distinct positive and negative regions in
a polar covalent molecule
• Example: Water (H2O) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• A weak attraction between a highly electronegative atom and a
hydrogen atom taking part in a separate polar covalent bond
• Hydrogen bonds do not form molecules and are not chemical
bonds
• Hydrogen bonds stabilize the structures of large biological
molecules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Polar molecules dissolved by water (water-loving) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| molecules that are not dissolved by water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A way to measure the energy of molecular motion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Conversion of a liquid to a gas by heat energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Molecules resist separation from one another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is a measure of the number of hydrogen ions in a solution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
donate hydrogen ions in a water solution
• pH below 7 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
accept hydrogen ions in a water solution
• pH above 7 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
molecules are complex molecules of life, built on a
framework of carbon atoms
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic acids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
An organic molecule that consists only of hydrogen and carbon
atoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A cluster of atoms that imparts specific chemical properties to a
molecule (polarity, acidity) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Activities by which cells acquire and use energy to construct,
rearrange, and split organic molecules
• Allows cells to live, grow, and reproduce
• Requires enzymes (proteins that increase the speed of reactions) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Covalent bonding of two molecules to form a larger molecule
• Water forms as a product |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• The reverse of condensation
• Cleavage reactions split larger molecules into smaller ones
• Water is split |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Molecules used as subunits to build larger molecules (polymers) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Larger molecules that are chains of monomers
• May be split and used for energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Organic molecules that consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
in a 1:2:1 ratio |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(one sugar
unit) are the simplest
carbohydrates
• Used as an energy source or
structural material
• Backbones of 5 or 6 carbons
• Example: glucose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Straight or branched chains of many sugar monomers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A nitrogen-containing polysaccharide that strengthens hard parts
of animals such as crabs, and cell walls of fungi |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fatty, oily, or waxy organic compounds that are insoluble in water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Simple organic compounds with a carboxyl group joined to a
backbone of 4 to 36 carbon atoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
are not made by the body and must come
from food
• Omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Lipids with one, two, or three fatty acids “tails” attached to
glycerol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Neutral fats with three fatty acids attached to glycerol
• The most abundant energy source in vertebrates
• Concentrated in adipose tissues (for insulation and cushioning) |
|
|
Term
| Saturated fats (animal fats) |
|
Definition
• Fatty acids with only single covalent bonds
• Pack tightly; solid at room temperature |
|
|
Term
| Unsaturated fats (vegetable oils) |
|
Definition
• Fatty acids with one or more double bonds
• Kinked; liquid at room temperature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Partially hydrogenated vegetable oils formed by a chemical
hydrogenation process
• Double bond straightens the molecule
• Pack tightly; solid at room temperature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Molecules with a polar head containing a phosphate and two
nonpolar fatty acid tails
• Heads are hydrophilic, tails are hydrophobic
• The most abundant lipid in cell membranes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Complex mixtures with long fatty-acid tails bonded to long-chain
alcohols or carbon rings
• Protective, water-repellant covering |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Lipids with a rigid backbone of four carbon rings and no fatty-acid
tails |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Component of eukaryotic cell membranes
• Remodeled into bile salts, vitamin D, and steroid hormones
(estrogens and testosterone) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
An organic compound composed of one or more chains of amino
acids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A small organic compound with an amine group (—NH3
+), a
carboxyl group (—COO-, the acid), and one or more variable
groups (R group) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A chain of amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds in a
condensation reaction between the amine group of one amino
acid and the carboxyl group of another amino acid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The unique amino acid sequence of a protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The polypeptide chain folds and forms hydrogen bonds between
amino acids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• A secondary structure is compacted into structurally stable units
called domains
• Forms a functional protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Some proteins consist of two or more folded polypeptide chains
in close association
• Example: hemoglobin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When a protein loses its shape and no longer functions, it is__________? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A small organic molecule consisting of a sugar with a five-carbon
ring, a nitrogen-containing base, and one or more phosphate
groups |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• A nucleotide with three phosphate groups
• Important in phosphate-group (energy) transfer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Polymers of nucleotides in which the sugar of one nucleotide is
attached to the phosphate group of the next
• RNA and DNA are nucleic acids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Contains four kinds of nucleotide monomers, including ATP
• Important in protein synthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Two chains of nucleotides twisted together into a double helix
and held by hydrogen bonds
• Contains all inherited information necessary to build an organism,
coded in the order of nucleotide bases |
|
|
