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Definition
| Growth that continues throughout the lifetime of the organism; Most plant growth is indeterminate |
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Definition
| Growth to a finite size that is maintained at maturity; Leaves and flowers are determinate plant structures |
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Definition
| Collection of "Stem Cells" in plants that divide to produce cells that can differentiate into multiple cell types |
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Definition
| Meristems found at the growing tips of the shoot and the root as well as in axillary buds. Used fro extension growth of plant. |
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Term
| Leaf Primordium/ Primordia |
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Definition
| A developing embryonic determinant structure generally optimized for photosynthesis. |
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Definition
| An undifferentiated meristem cell that can divide to form another initial cell and a derivative cell. |
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Definition
| A cell produced by the division of an initial cell; the derivative will go on to divide and differentiate potentially into multiple cell types. |
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Definition
| Apical meristems found in the axils of leaves. |
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Definition
| Meristems found in rings around stem and root. Used for lateral growth. Found only in woody plants with secondary growth. |
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Definition
| Dermal cell found on the exterior of leaves. Most epidermal cells are not photosynthetic with the exception of guard cells. |
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Definition
| Specialized photosynthetic dermal cell that provides regulation of the size of stomatal pores. |
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Definition
| Pores in leaves that allow the exchange of gases between the plant and the environment; frequently found only on the lower surface of the leaf; may also be found on stems. |
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Definition
| Parenchyma cells found within the middle of leaves. |
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Definition
| Rounded cells found near the bottom of the leaf cross section that are dispersed and optimized to allow gases to diffuse within the leaf. |
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Definition
| The area within the leaf surronding the spongy mesophyll that allows gases to diffuse to the various cell types. |
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Definition
| Long, cylindrical cells found in the top of the leaf mesophyll that are optimized for light transmission through the leaf. |
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Definition
| Collections of vascular cells running through leaves. |
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Definition
| Collections of xylem and phloem generally found in a ring around dicot stems and dispersed within the parenchyma of monocot stems. Also found in leaves. |
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Definition
| Cells surrounding vascualar bundles. |
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Definition
| Cells at the tip of root that protect the apcial meristem; secrete mucigel to ease passage of the root through soil. |
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Definition
| Region of root above the apical meristem where active cell division occurs. |
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Definition
| Region of root behind the Zone of Cell Division where cells elongate. Provides force behind the movement of the root through the soil. |
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Definition
| Region of root where root hair development is found and active absoption of water and mineral nutrients occurs. |
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Definition
| Central vascular structure in roots surrounded by endodermis. |
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Definition
| Tissue surrounding stele that forces water and nutrients through a membrane before entering vasculature because it is surround by the water-proof Casperian Strip. |
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Definition
| Tissue within the stele from which lateral roots arise |
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Definition
| Plant body developed from activity of apical meristems. |
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Definition
| Plant lacking secondary growth. |
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Definition
| Xylem and Phloem that arise from activity of the primary meristem. |
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Definition
| Plant body developed from the activity of lateral meristems. |
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Term
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Definition
| Plants with secondary growth. |
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Term
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Definition
| Lateral meristem that produces secondary xylem and phloem. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Secondary Xylem and Phloem |
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Definition
| Xylem and Phloem cells produced by the vascular cambium. |
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Term
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Definition
| Large secondary xylem elements produced in the spring during leaf out. |
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Term
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Definition
| Narrower secondary xylem elements produced in the summer. |
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Term
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Definition
| Functional secondary xylem found closest to vascular cambium. Generally lighter in color than heart wood. |
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Term
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Definition
| Non-functional secondary xylem found in interior of woody stem; generally darker in color than sap wood due to the presence of resins which resist pathogen attack. |
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Term
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Definition
| Secondary phloem, cork cambium and cork cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Lateral Meristems that divide to produce cork cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| The outer covering of the secondary plant body. |
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Term
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Definition
| A dermal cell covering the secondary plant body that is impermeable to water and gases. |
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Term
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Definition
| Waxy substance that makes cork cells impermeable to water and gases. |
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Term
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Definition
| Openings in the periderm that allow the exchange of gases between the plant and the atmosphere. |
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Term
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Definition
| Rigid structure surrounding protoplast which is made up primarily of cellulose. |
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Term
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Definition
| First wall synthesized, made of primarily of cellulose and can expand. |
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Term
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Definition
| Thickened rigid cell wall made up primarily of lignan. Occurs in only some cell types later in the development of that cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| Plasma membrane and cell contents. |
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Term
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Definition
| Membrane bound storage organelle, also used for recycling. |
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Term
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Definition
| Membrane bound organelle used for photosynthesis. |
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Term
| Which organelles do plant and animal cells have in common? |
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Definition
| Nucleus, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi Body, Mitochondria, Ribosomes (not technically an organelle), and peroxisomes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Generally the below ground parts of the plant. |
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Term
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Definition
| Below ground organ used for anchorage, storage, transport, and absoption. |
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Term
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Definition
| A deep root often found in dicots. |
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Definition
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Definition
| A root with many thin fibers, generally shallower than a tap root. |
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Definition
| Root epidermal cells modified for absorption. Found in the zone of maturation. |
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Definition
| Root found growing from somehwere unexpected. |
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Definition
| Generally the above grond portions of the plant. |
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Definition
| Above ground organ to which lateral branches and leaves are attached. Serves support, storage, and transport roles. |
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Definition
| Place at which leaves are attached to a stem. |
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Definition
| Stem portions between nodes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Region between leaf and stem where an often dormant apical meristem is found. |
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Definition
| Structure that houses an apical meristem in an axil. |
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Definition
| Growing tip of the above structures of plant. |
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Definition
| The ability of the apical meristem to suppress the growth of the axillary buds. |
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Term
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Definition
| A (generally) flattened with determinant growth optimized for photosynthesis (gas exchange and light capture). |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Flattened portion of leaf. |
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Definition
| Tissue found on exterior of plant body. |
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Term
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Definition
| Single layer of cells on outside of the plant body. |
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Definition
| Waxy substance on the exterior surface of epidermal cells. |
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Definition
| Tissue optimized for transport functions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cells that transport water and mineral nutrients, generally dead at maturity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Narrow tapered xylem cell found in all vascular plants. |
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Term
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Definition
| Wider xylem cell types found only in angiosperms. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cells that transport sucrose. Alive at maturuity but with reduced organelle content. |
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Term
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Definition
| Phloem cell type that carries out transport. |
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Term
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Definition
| Perforated end wall of sieve tube member. |
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Term
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Definition
| Openings in cell wall of most plant cells that connects the cytosol of adjacent cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cells associated with Sieve tube members that carry out protein synthesis and other functions for sieve tube members which lack a nucleus and other organelles. |
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Term
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Definition
| The "other" plant tissues. |
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Term
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Definition
| Central stem tissue often composed of parenchyma cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Parenchyma cells found in stem exterior to vascular bundles or found in root exterior to central stele. |
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Term
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Definition
| Relatively unspecialized ground cells with only primary cell wall. Often modified for storage or photosynthesis. Found in pith, cortex, and leaf. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ground cells with unevenly thickened primary cell walls. Provide support for a growing plant body. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ground cells with secondary cell walls that provide structural support. Often found in association with vascular bundles. |
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Term
| Draw the phylogenetic tree of the embryophytes, listing the unique features of each type. |
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Definition
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Term
| List a typical member of each group of embryophytes. |
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Definition
1. Bryophytes- Moss
2. Seedless Vascular Plants- Fern
3. Gymnosperms- Conifers
4. Angiosperms- Rose, Lily, Apple Tree |
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Term
| List the characteristics that differ between monocots and "dicots" |
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Definition
| Dicots sprout with 2 leaves, monocots sprout with one. |
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Term
| Describe the features of Arabidopsis that amke it a good model plant. |
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Definition
| Short generation time, produces lots of seeds, easy to grow. |
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Term
| Describe the importance of asymmetrical cell division in guard cell development, and establishing apical-basal polarity. |
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Definition
| Without asymmetrical cell division, two different cell types could not form at once, stopping the formation of each of these essential parts of plants. |
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Term
| Describe the GNOM mutant and why it is unable to establish an apical-basal axis. |
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Definition
| The GNOM gene allows the plant zygote to divide asymmetrically and establish apical-basal polarity. In the GNOM mutant, the plant cannot establish apical-basal polarity, it can only divide into two cells of the same size. |
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Term
| Describe the function of the SPEECHLESS gene and interprit the effects of a mutation in this gene. |
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Definition
| The SPEECHLESS gene allows an epidermal protoderm to divide asymmetrically into a pavement cell and a meristemoid cell which eventually develops into a guard cell. When the SPEECHLESS is mutated, no meristemoid develops, and therefore, the plant has no guard cells and no stomata. |
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Term
| Describe the function of the MUTE gene and interprit the effects of a mutation in this gene. |
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Definition
| The MUTE gene allows a meristemoid cell to differentiate into a guard mother cell. When this gene is mutated, no differentiation occurs, so no guard cells can develop. |
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Term
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Definition
| The master switched of development. They are the 1st in a series of transcription factors. When the homeotic genes are off, no other genes in the series can operate. |
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Term
| Describe the role of GLABRA II and epidermal cell position in root hair development. |
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Definition
| GLABRA supresses root hair development. When an epidermal cell only touches 1 cortical cell, it expresses GLABRA and does not produce a root hair. However, when an epidermal cell touches 2 cortical cells, it turns GLABRA off and a root hair can form. |
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Term
| List the 4 whorls of flower parts and their relative position. |
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Definition
Outer --> Inner
1. Sepals
2. Petals
3. Stamens
4. Carpels |
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Term
| Define Sepal, Petal, Stamen, Carpel |
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Definition
Sepals: "Leaves" around petals
Petals: Colorful part of a flower
Stamens: Male reproductive organs
Carpels: Female reproductive organs |
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Term
| Describe the ABC model of floral organ identity gene expression and its role in floral organ determination. |
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Definition
A only: Sepals
A & B only: Petals
B& C only: Stamens
C only: Carpels |
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Term
| List the nutrients that are most often limiting in different environments. |
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Definition
Terrestrial: Nitrogen
Aquatic: Phosphorus
Marine: Iron |
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