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Definition
-to determine if there's an abnormal # of chromosomes
-"A photographic inventory of an individual's chromosomes."
-ordered display of chromosomes, doubled |
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-using Mendel's laws and family history to figure out genotypes
-to determine whether a gene is dom./recessive and sex-linked/autosomal |
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-parents are heterozygotes (ex. Dd)
-have, but do not express recessive genes |
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| Transmission of traits/features from one generation to the next |
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-Ancient theory of heredity
-hereditary materials contributed by the male and female parents mix in forming the offspring |
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-Traits are inherited like particles = genes
-Mendel's theory |
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| -in plants, sperm-carrying pollen lands on the egg-containing carpel of the same flower |
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-fertilization of one plant by another plant
-Mendel used this with pea plants to observe traits |
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-crosses between identical homozygotes
(ex. both parents are bb) |
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Term
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| -the offspring of two different varieties |
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Term
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| -the true-breeding parental plants |
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Term
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Definition
| the hybrid offspring of the P generation |
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| -when F1 plants self-fertilize or fertilize each other (the offspring of F1) |
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Definition
-The alternative versions of a gene
-(ex. in Bb, B and b are different alleles |
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Term
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Definition
| -unit of inheritance, contains DNA |
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Definition
-a particular place on a chromosome
-specific location of a gene on a chromosome |
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-allele that determine's the appearance
-represented by a capital letter |
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Definition
- allele that has no noticeable effect on the organism's appearance
-only shows up if there are two (bb)
-represented by lowercase letters |
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Definition
-organism that has two identical alleles
-(ex. BB or bb) |
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Term
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Definition
| -an organism that has two different alleles for one gene |
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Definition
-a diagram that shows the possible combinations of alleles that could occur when gametes combine
-can show proportions of combinations |
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Term
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Definition
| - a sperm or egg carries only one allele for each inherited characteristic because they combine at fertilization |
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-the inheritance of one characteristic has no impact of the inheritance of another
-(ex. you can have brown hair, but you don't have to have brown eyes) |
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Definition
-cross between two different homozygous organisms
-(ex. crossing PP purple plant with pp white plant) |
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Definition
-mating of parental varieties differing in two characters
-(ex. RRYY with rryy) would produce all RrYy |
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Definition
-mating between an individual of unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive
-helps you tell if the unknown is heterozygous or homozygous |
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Term
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Definition
| - the ratio of phenotypes in the F2 of a monohybrid cross (see p. 156) |
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Definition
| -the ratio of phenotypes in the F2 of a dihybrid cross |
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-Heterozygote shows intermediate phenotype
-if the protein is a structure, the traits mix
-if it's an enzyme, the dominant trait shows, but it takes longer |
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Definition
-heterozygote expresses both traits (alleles)
-ex. Blood type: A and B are dominant, creates AB |
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Definition
-one gene causes many traits
-"go to many"
-gene for albino causes white hair, pink iris, crossed eyes |
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Definition
-one trait is caused by many genes
-quantitative traits (height, weight, etc.) are often this
-ex. human skin color |
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Definition
-one gene masks or "dominates" the effects of another
-ex. the hair color of laborador retrievers |
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Definition
-Different parts of the body express different genes
-solution of double proteins in XX is X-inactivation.
-calico cats - splotchy/patches of colors |
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Definition
-X inactivation
-females have twice as many proteins as men
-half inactivate Mom's X, half inactivate X |
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Term
| Crossing Over/ Genetic Recombination |
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Definition
-exchange of corresponding segments between chromatids of homologous chromosomes
-creates variety by shuffling genes |
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Definition
-the nonidentical pair of chromosomes
-determine an individual's sex, and other functions
-males have one X and one Y, females have two X |
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| -the 22 pairs of chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes |
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| How sex-linked (X-chromosome) genes are passed from Mom to son |
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| -the less-occurring trait, not necessarily recessive |
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Definition
-traits prevailing in nature (the more common traits)
-not necessarily the dominant trait |
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Term
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Definition
-caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21
-"Trisomy 21" |
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Term
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Definition
-woman missing an X chromosome
-XO
-not fatal, even though there are only 45 chromosomes
-normal intelligence, but short height and web of skin between neck and shoulders, sterile |
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Term
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Definition
-men have XXY or multiple Xs
-sterile, and often has female body characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
-occurs when a chromosome pair doesn't separate during meiosis
-causes Down Syndrome, and others
-picture p. 146 |
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Definition
-common life-threatening genetic disease
-recessive - 2 copies of the allele
-secretion of thick mucus from lungs |
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Term
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Definition
-type of dominant disorder
-form of dwarfism where head and torso are normal
-AA is fatal, so only Aa have this disorder |
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Definition
-degenerative disorder of the nervous system that appears around middle age
-passed on while avoiding elimination because of its late onset
-has been located and can be found with genetic testing |
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Definition
-mental deterioration that strikes late in life
-inherited |
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Definition
-genetic testing in the fetus
-requires collection of fetal cells by inserting a needle through the abdomen into the uterus
-cells are cultured to allow karyotyping to look for abnormalities |
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Term
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Definition
-doctor extracts sample of chorionic villus tissue from placenta
-karyotyping results take only 24 hours and can be done earlyer than amniocentesis |
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Term
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Definition
| -uses waves to produce a picture of the fetus |
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Definition
| -offspring looks like the parents |
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| -offspring doesn't look like the parents (got recessive alleles) |
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-a diagram of relative gene locations
- p. 174
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Definition
-lists the sequences of genes on a chromosome
-determined by breeding experiments to figure out how far apart traits are on a chromosome |
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