Term
| Mechanical breakdown of food |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chemical breakdown of food |
|
Definition
– HCl in the stomach
– enzymes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reduce food particles to molecules that can be absorbed into the blood |
|
|
Term
| Incomplete digestive system |
|
Definition
Saclike digestive cavity – food enters and wastes leave through a single opening
ex:– flatworms, jellyfish |
|
|
Term
| Complete digestive system |
|
Definition
A tube with an opening at each end – one for taking in food and one for eliminating
ex:most invertebrates, all vertebrates |
|
|
Term
| Monogastrics or non-ruminants |
|
Definition
| One, simple, stomach (carnivores, omnivores) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Four compartment stomach(herbivores) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Capable of digesting material with high fiber concentration
• Use microbial fermentation – Cattle
– Sheep – Goats – Deer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| same species, same place, same time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| all populations in an area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| community and abiotic (nonliving) factors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| entire realm in which organisms exist (planet Earth!) |
|
|
Term
| What are the Four Compartment's of the Stomach |
|
Definition
– Rumen
– Reticulum
(R's have 85% of capacity)
– Omasum
– Abomasum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
– Largest of the four parts (“room-in-it”)
– Filled with bacteria and other microbes
– Converts large amounts of roughage to amino acids
The average cow rumen can hold over 40 gallons!! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
group of interbreeding organisms that
produce fertile offspring and that do not ordinarily
breed with members of other groups |
|
|
Term
| Bacteria and Protozoa in Rumen |
|
Definition
– moist, warm, constant supply of nutrients
– various populations of organisms depending on the kind and quality of the feed
– acidic environment of abomasum eventually kills the microorganisms
– provide amino acids and some energy to animal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
exists between different
species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(2 gallons in cow)
– Compartment where liquid goes
– Honeycomb in structure
– Interacts with rumen to mix contents |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(4 gallons in cow)
– Grinds and squeezes, many folds
– Removes some liquid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(4 gallons in cow)
– “True” stomach
– Enzymes and acids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pattern of spacing within geographic boundaries of population |
|
|
Term
| How to Ruminants eat rapidly |
|
Definition
– they regurgitate food (cud)
– chew it again and swallow
– exposes more surface area for microbial action |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| continuous regurgitation, chewing and swallowing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| uniform, random, clumped(most common) |
|
|
Term
| Five Overall Tasks of a Complete Digestive System |
|
Definition
• Mechanical processing and motility – physical manipulation that breaks up, mixes & propels food
•Secretion – Release of digestive enzymes & other substances from lining of tract and accessory organs
•Digestion – chemical breakdown of food into molecules small enough to be absorbed
•Absorption – Passage of digested nutrients & fluid across the tube wall and into body fluids
•Elimination – Expulsion of undigested, unabsorbed residues from the end of the gut |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
depends on biotic potential: fastest reproductive rate possible
for a population under ideal conditions, differs from one species
to another (results in exponential growth) |
|
|
Term
| What are some associated organs |
|
Definition
| salivary glands, gall bladder, liver, pancreas |
|
|
Term
| The Human Digestive System Is |
|
Definition
• A complete system with many specialized organs
• About 6.5-9 meters long if extended
• Lined with mucus-secreting epithelium
• Movement is one way, from mouth to anus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| restoration of disturbed populations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the change in the number of
individuals in the population (∆N) per unit time (∆t) |
|
|
Term
| ∆N/∆t = the per capita growth rate, (r) |
|
Definition
| (births – deaths) + (immigrants – emigrants) |
|
|
Term
| Major Components of Human digestive system |
|
Definition
• Mouth (oral cavity) • Pharynx (throat)
• Esophagus
• Gut
– Stomach
– Small intestine
– Large intestine
– Rectum
– Anus |
|
|
Term
| How long does it take for food to travel through the digestive system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| – Secrete saliva (with carbohydrate digesting enzymes, buffers & mucus to moisten food) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| – Secretes bile for emulsifying fat, also roles in fat, carbohydrate & protein metabolism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stores & concentrates bile from liver |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) Secretes digestive enzymes that break down all major food molecules, 2)secretes buffers against HCL from stomach,
3)secretes insulin to control glucose metabolism |
|
|
Term
If r is positive
If r is negative
If r is 0 |
|
Definition
the population is growing
the population is declining
then there is zero population growth (ZPG) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| begin the digestion of starch |
|
|
Term
| What is food called after being chewed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Biotic potential is seldom reached in natural populations, due
to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| salivary glands at back of mouth and under tongue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
predation
sunlight
disease/parasites
competition
territoriality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
– Amylase (enzyme) – start digestion of
carbohydrates
– Bicarbonate (buffer)
– Mucins (bind food into bolus)
– Water (99% of saliva) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
food
weather
natural disasters
human activities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| common chamber for food and air |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| closes off trachea; breathing temporarily ceases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| food moves through,muscular tube, about 0.8in diameter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Involuntary wavelike contractions that move food through esophageal sphincter into stomach |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
maximum # individuals a particular environment can
support indefinitely (# can vary over time) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dimensions vary; can be narrow tube when empty or expanded into a sac that can hold almost 0.5 gallon; accordion-like folds in muscle wall (rugae) allow expansion; sphincters at both ends control entry and exit of food |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a) Temporary storage of ingested food
b) Mixing of ingested food (mechanical digestion) c) Digestion of proteins using acids and enzymes
(chemical digestion)
d) Absorption of some substances (e.g., alcohol, aspirin)
e) Controlling passage of food into small intestine (stays in stomach ~4 hours) |
|
|
Term
| Epithelium (gastric juices) |
|
Definition
-secretes HCl and enzyme pepsin from glands in gastric pits; HCl reduces pH to level suitable for activity of pepsin; pepsin begins chemical digestion of proteins
-secretes mucus, which coats inner lining of stomach and protects it from corrosive action of gastric juices |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
based on a species’ reproductive traits
and the carrying capacity of their environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when mucus layer breaks down and no longer protects from acid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-high growth rate
-large # offspring
-rapid maturation
-small body size
-unpredictable environments
-many asexually reproduce
-many only reproduce once in lifetime |
|
|
Term
| Small intestine components and general function |
|
Definition
Duodenum, Jejenum, Ileum ~25 ft long **-most chemical digestion and nutrient absorption here
-Receives digested food called “chyme” from stomach -Receives secretions from liver, gallbladder, and pancreas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Projections into the intestinal lumen increase the surface area available for absorption |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-population near or at carrying capacity
-few offspring
-slow maturation
-often care for young
-larger in size
-stable environments
-most reproduce more than once |
|
|
Term
| Absorption in small intestine by: |
|
Definition
Villi and microvilli
Surface area= size of tennis court |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
data on number of individuals
alive in each particular age class (cohort) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the proportion of offspring
produced that survive on average to a
particular age |
|
|
Term
| Small intestine receives what from where? |
|
Definition
-bicarbonate from pancreas to neutralize stomach acid
-enzymes from pancreas digest carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
-bile from liver (production) and gallbladder (storage) to break up fats |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
High survivorship of young, live most of life expectancy
(large mammals, etc)… usually K-strategists |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Removes and destroys some toxins
(e.g., alcohol)
Serves as large reservoir of blood; phagocytes here constantly
remove cell debris, pathogens, damaged red blood cells Produces bile, which aids in digestion of fats |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Relatively constant death rate throughout life span
(rodents, large fish and birds, etc) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| muscular sac that stores bile produced by liver; bile produced in liver may flow directly into small intestine through common hepatic duct (as during mealtimes), or may back up through cystic duct to be stored in gallbladder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Many young, most of which die
early in life (sea turtles, frogs,
trees, invertebrates, etc)…
usually r-strategists |
|
|
Term
| Human Population Growth (facts) |
|
Definition
| -Human population growth does not currently show density effects that typically characterize natural populations. • In natural populations, per capita population growth rate decreaseswith population size, whereas global human population growth rate has a positive relationship. • Human population growth rate has been growing more than exponentially. • Limited resources eventuallywill cause human population growth to slow, but global human carrying capacity is not known. |
|
|
Term
| Large intestine dimensions |
|
Definition
| about 5 ft long, 3x wider than small intestine |
|
|
Term
| Large intestine functions |
|
Definition
| holds and compacts undigested material; absorbs water and vitamins produced by resident intestinal bacteria. |
|
|
Term
| E. coli Bacteria in Large Intestine |
|
Definition
• Break down remaining nutrients
• Synthesize vitamins (vitamin K) |
|
|
Term
| Three main regions of large intestine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
expanded chamber, receives chyme from small
intestine (still used in most herbivores, many bacteria– in carnivores, reduced to appendix) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| longest portion; has characteristic series of muscular pouches; water is reabsorbed here; bacterial activity may produce hydrogen sulfide (produces odor of feces), flatus (gas) due to bacterial action on undigested plant polysaccharides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hamber at end of tract; usually empty, except when peristaltic contractions force feces into it from colon; triggers defecation reflex, excretion through the anus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| indigestible waste and cellulose, dead cells, dead bacteria, etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Colon not effective in reabsorbing water (due to infection, etc.) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| feces moves along too slowly, becomes too compacted (lack of exercise, lack of fiber) |
|
|
Term
| Bird Digestive Systems (All components and functions) |
|
Definition
• Mouth or beak
– Can not chew food
• Esophagus
– Connects mouth to crop
• Crop
– Stores and softens food,
is a dilation of the esophagus
• Stomach
• Gizzard
– Crushes food
• Contains grit and gravel – Mixes food with
digestive juices
• Liver
• Small and Large Intestine
• Vent
– Removes solid and liquid waste |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Fuel for all activities
2. Raw materials for molecules etc.
3. Supply essential nutrients (animal cannot make itself) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lacking in one or more essential nutrients
malnourishment more common– even seen in obese individuals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lack of sufficient calories |
|
|
Term
| Poor nutrition in early life: |
|
Definition
-body does not develop optimally
-growth is slower
-mental abilities may not be optimal
-immune system may not be strong
-life span may be shortened |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
is
time needed for a
population to
double in size |
|
|
Term
| humans added/born every 60 seconds |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Poor nutrition as an adult: |
|
Definition
-less energy is available to provide for self and dependents
-person is less able to work and earn money
-person is more susceptible to illness
-life span may be shortened |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
developing countries (less industrialization
and prosperity)- many in Africa and Southeast Asia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Body’s main energy source
• Foods high in complex carbohydrates are usually high in fiber; promote colon health
• Simple sugars lack fiber as well as minerals and vitamins of whole foods; intake should be minimized |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
movement from high birth and
death rates to low birth and death rates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| proportion of individuals in each age-group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| those in animal meats and soy products are “complete” provide all 8 essential amino acids (body can’t build, must be eaten). Vegans and vegetarians must be careful to obtain all of these- |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Most can be synthesized by the body
• Essential fatty acids must be obtained from food
• Fats should be about 30% of diet
• Excess saturated fats can raise cholesterol level and contribute to heart disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
land and water used by a nation for
consumption and wastes of its population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 13- organic nutrients, need to be in diet, used in metabolic reactions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inorganic nutrients required for many body functions |
|
|
Term
| RDA (recommended daily allowance) |
|
Definition
| minimum vitamins and minerals needed to prevent deficiencies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| • Excess accumulates in tissue, can be toxic (liver damage, etc.) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Excess excreted
• B vitamins
• Pantothenic acid
• Folate
• Biotin
• Vitamin C |
|
|
Term
| Vitamin D deficiency can cause |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
USA has a greater footprint than its ecological capacity (actual
resource base of a nation) |
|
Definition
overpopulation AND overconsumption…richest countries (20% of
world) use 86% of world resources |
|
|
Term
| Vitamin C deficiency can cause |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Agencies that predict future population are moving closer to a
consensus that: |
|
Definition
•the world population will continue to grow until after the
middle of this century
•reaching a peak of around 10-15 billion (up from today's 7
billion) and then
•slowing by the end of the centur |
|
|
Term
| OBESITY: human health problem |
|
Definition
-weight 20% or more above appropriate weight for height
-excess body fat
-low levels of exercise
~28% women and 10% men in U.S. are obese
-estimated 1 in 4 people in U.S. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| diabetes, colon cancer, breast cancer, and cardiovascular disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hormonal, metabolic, social factors... increased portion sizes, increased refined sugar |
|
|
Term
| intraspecific competition= |
|
Definition
same species
(fighting, etc.) |
|
|
Term
| genetic causes for obesity being researched: |
|
Definition
| leptin hormone in mice, suppresses appetite |
|
|
Term
| interspecific competition= |
|
Definition
2 different
species, interaction is
negative for both |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• An indicator of obesity-related health risk
• BMI = Weight (lbs) X 700 -----------------------------
Height (inches)2
• BMI greater than or equal to 27 indicates health risk |
|
|
Term
| Biggest contributor to declining biological diversity (biodiversity) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
role in
the ecosystem (herbivore, carnivore, producer etc), its tolerance
limits (e.g. soil pH, humidity), requirements for shelter, nesting
sites etc |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (habitat ~ address, niche ~ occupation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Garbage
The U.S. throws away around 200 million tons of garbage each day!!
Decomposition Rates:
Orange Peel--- 6 months
Cigarette Butt--- 10-12 years
Plastic Bag--- 10-20 years
Disposable Diaper--- 250-500 years Soda Can--- 200-500 years
Styrofoam--- Never
Americans go through 2.5 million plastic bottles every hour |
|
|
Term
| Mexico study on pollution |
|
Definition
pollution leading to increase in population of octopus... and decrease in abalone as a result
(food chain being affected) |
|
|
Term
| Fragmentation of habitats |
|
Definition
another human activity that decreases biodiversity
Conservation biology attempts to correct declining biodiversity: “natural bridge” in Yellowstone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-subsistence agriculture (growing food for family)
-logging
-cattle ranches
-fuel wood
-commercial farming (soybeans, etc)
=soils erode, lakes and rivers decline, desertification can occur, soils left with few nutrients, lose biodiversity |
|
|
Term
| competitive exclusion principle= |
|
Definition
If two species compete directly for a limited resource, one species will eliminate the other from that resource
“complete competitors cannot coexist”
applies to species occupying the same or very similar niches |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
invasive or exotic species– moved to a new geographic location
-often disrupt their “adopted” community, reduce biodiversity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| full spectrum of resources potentially available to an organism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| resources actually available to an organism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
DDT- pesticide
PCBs- coolants, industry
Pesticides
Phthalates- plastics
Dioxins- industry, waste incineration
Asbestos- fireproofing
Heavy Metals- industry, acid rain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| slight differentiation of niches |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
=long-term increase in Earth’s average temperatures
-caused by carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide etc. (=greenhouse gases)
-using fossil fuels, burning rain forests, etc. |
|
|
Term
| resource partitioning reduces... |
|
Definition
| competition among coexisting species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tendency for two species to diverge in characteristics and resource use |
|
|
Term
| Concern about methane “chimney” in Arctic Ocean |
|
Definition
| no longer trapped under layer of permafrost |
|
|
Term
| When did CO2 and other greenhouse gases begin to increase? |
|
Definition
| CO2 , CH4, and N2O changed slowly after the end of the last Ice Age, but began to increase rapidly about 200 years ago |
|
|
Term
| Why do we think that CO2 released by human activities is causing the increase in the atmosphere? |
|
Definition
• Seasonal cycles in CO2 result from photosynthesis and respiration
• Such short-term flows of carbon cannot explain the upward trend
• The trend has to result from carbon that has been stored for long periods of time, such as in fossil fuels and soils |
|
|
Term
Popuation numbers of giant barrel sponges (“redwoods of the deep”) are exploding off Florida Keys–
Compete with corals, which have been dying for a number of reasons, most related to global climate change, such as: |
|
Definition
-increase in atmospheric CO2 leads to increase in ocean acidification
-corals remove excess CO2 from the atmosphere
- amounts of CO2 in atmosphere have gone beyond what corals can uptake, so that oceans are becoming more acidic as higher amounts of CO2 dissolve in water
-higher acidity reduces corals' ability to construct calcium carbonate skeletons |
|
|
Term
| How can scientists decide which factors are actually responsible for climate change? |
|
Definition
• Scientists model both human and natural factors to determine which best explain the observed climate changes
• Both natural and human factors are needed to explain the climate change that has already happened
• Human factors are particularly important in explaining the rapid temperature increase in the last three decades |
|
|
Term
| Do the models prove that humans are causing climate change? |
|
Definition
• Models cannot prove that humans are involved; however, they show that the changes observed so far are consistent with human causes.
• Models do not account for some complexities of climate, such as the feedback effects of water vapor and cloud formation.
• Scientists consider the models sufficient to say that it is very likely (>90% probability) that the climate change observed in the last 50 years is not a result of natural effects alone. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
treaty negotiated in 1997, took effect in 2005, covered 164 countries worldwide (U.S. did not sign)
- goal of each participating country was to reduce greenhouse- gas emissions to 1990 levels by 2012 |
|
|
Term
| Some plans to lower global average temperatures: |
|
Definition
•Carbon dioxide removal
•Sequester CO2 from coal plants- inject emissions into stable underground formations (expensive)
•Artificial trees which draw CO2 underground or bind it to other chemicals to neutralize its greenhouse effect •Ocean fertilization with iron particles, increases plankton growthandthusCO removal.Whendie,CO remainson
sea floor with them
*Solar radiation management (faster)
-inject sulfur into stratosphere to reflect
sunlight (like volcanoes do, which cools planet) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| closely related species that are geographically separate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| geographically overlapping, likely to see character displacement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-ozone in the lower atmosphere is pollution; in the stratosphere
it’s healthy and essential to life on land! -shields Earth from UV radiation
-chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in aerosols, coolants, packaging, solvents, etc. destroy stratospheric ozone
-CFCs account for 80% of total ozone depletion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| =consumption of prey species by predator species |
|
|
Term
| Which type of natural selection responsible for character displacement?? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Negative effects of Ozone depletion: |
|
Definition
=decline in phytoplankton productivity
-greater UV exposure for humans, animals
•UV exposure linked to cataracts, skin cancer, and weakened immune system in humans
•CFCs being used today will deplete stratospheric ozone for at least 50 years (very stable) |
|
|
Term
| •Some evidence that ozone is slowly starting to rebound |
|
Definition
| CFC's decreasing worldwide since mid-90's |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| = movement of nutrient elements/inorganic substances through biosphere by physical and biological processes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Atmosphere, earth’s soil and crust, bodies of water
-moves through slowly |
|
|
Term
| Predator and prey species coevolve… examples?? |
|
Definition
rattle snake venous becomes more toxic
heliconius caterpillar and egg mimicry of passion flower vine
Bullhorn acacia tree and pseudo |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Producers, consumers, detrivores
-moves through quickly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Limiting factor in terrestrial ecosystems
97% water is in oceans 2% in glaciers
1% in lakes, rivers, & groundwater
Negligible amount in atmosphere |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Main facts to know:
Release CO2:
respiration burning fossil fuels deforestation volcanic eruptions decomposition
Take in CO2:
photosynthesis
oceans |
|
|
Term
| When an animal or a plant dies, 1 of 2 things happens to the carbon in it: |
|
Definition
-it’s respired by decomposers (and released to the atmosphere)
or
-it’s buried intact and ultimately forms coal, oil, or natural gas (fossil fuels) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
~80% dry air= nitrogen
Nitrogen important for organisms:
BACTERIA essential to nitrogen cycle: break atmospheric nitrogen down into forms usable by plants (ammonia,nitrites,nitrates),
but also return nitrogen to atmosphere |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
SLOWEST CYLCE
needed for nucleic acids, ATP, bones, teeth, etc. - sedimentary (not atmospheric) cycle
-from soil into plants, returned to soil by decomposers
-can erode into ocean, remain unavailable for millions of years |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A type of ecosystem that covers a large geographical region and has a similar climate; characterized by distinct type of vegetation and its availability of freshwater |
|
|
Term
| Example Panama rain forest |
|
Definition
agouti eats palm tree seeds, bury and save for later
-ocelot feed on agouti (~70% mortality rate!)
So… palm trees need agouti to move and bury their seeds, but also need ocelots to prevent at least some agouti from returning to eat hidden stashes |
|
|
Term
Terrestrial Biomes
Vertical Stratification: |
|
Definition
1. Canopy layer
2. Low tree layer
3. Shrub understory
4. Ground layer
5. Forest floor (litter layer)
6. Root Layer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Plants: closed canopy
Animals: high animal diversity Temperature: 25°C (77°F); all near equator Human Impact: population growth is destroying the forests
Rain forests: 200-400cm (~6.5’-13’)
Dry forests: 150-200cm (~5’-6.5’) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-wolves removed in early 20th century:
-willow, aspen, etc. declines due to elk browsing
- trees rebounded after wolves reintroduced in 1990s
-wolf kills support more scavengers
-beaver recolonized streams thanks to abundant willows
-pronghorn lost fewer calves to coyote
-increased streamside vegetation reduced erosion, provided cover for birds, fish, and invertebrates
-wolves can only persist when tolerated by humans though (cattle farmers, sheepherders especially), so trying nonlethal approaches to reduce losses to wolves… trained guard dogs, fencing, etc |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Plants: low, scattered vegetation, lots of bare ground Animals: snakes, lizards, scorpions, ants, beetles, birds, seed-eating rodents; many nocturnal
Temp.& Precip.: 50 to -30°C (122 to -22°F); 30cm (11.8”) Human Impact: irrigated agriculture and urbanization have reduced the natural biodiversity of deserts. |
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Term
| Savanna/ Tropical Grassland |
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Definition
Plants: grasses, scattered trees
Animals: large herbivorous animals; insects are
dominant.
Temp. & Precip.: warm year-round (24°C/70°F); 3-50cm (1”-19.7”); dry season can be 8-9 months; most near equator Human Impact: cattle-ranching & over hunting. |
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Term
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Definition
Plants: grasses
Animals: large grazers such as bison and wild horses. Temp.& Precip.: cold winters (-10°C/14°F),
hot summers (~30°C/86°F)
Human Impact: most has been converted to farmland in N. America and Eurasia. |
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Term
| defense mechanisms of prey species |
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Definition
| Camouflage, transparency, advertise unpleasant attributes(aposematic coloration), divert attention, playing dead, decorate self using environment, living in groups; mobbing predator, disruptive coloration |
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Term
|
Definition
Plants: high diversity, shrubs and small trees, lots of grasses Animals: deer, goat, amphibians, small mammals, birds,
reptiles, insects.
Temp. & Precip.: mostly mild (10-12°C/50’s°F); summer
between 30°-40°C/86°-104°F); 30-50cm (~11.8-19.7”); very dry, adapted to wildfires
Human Impact: heavily settled, agriculture & urbanization. |
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Term
| Temperate Deciduous Forest |
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Definition
Plants: diverse plants; broadleaf deciduous trees dominant Animals: diverse
Temp. & Precip.: winter ~0°C/32°F, 75-200 cm (28-60”) rainfall; four distinct seasons
Human Impact: heavily settled, logging, land clearing, agriculture, & urbanization destroyed all original forests; have gradually returned to their former range. |
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Term
| Coniferous Forest (Taiga/Boreal) |
|
Definition
Plants: cone-bearing trees, such as pine, spruce, fir,
and hemlock
Animals: diverse mammals-- moose, brown bears, Siberian tigers, migratory and non-migratory birds, insects.
Temp. & Precip.: cold and long
winters (up to -70°C/
-94°F); 30-70cm (~11.8-28”), snow usually; summers may be hot Human Impact: heavy logging. |
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Term
|
Definition
| several well-protected species resemble each other |
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Term
|
Definition
Plants: lichens, mosses, grasses, small trees and shrubs Animals: musk ox, migratory caribou & reindeer, bears, wolves, foxes, migratory birds.
Temp. & Precip.: Long & cold winters (-30°C/-22°F), short summers (>10°C/50°F); 20-60cm (~7.9-24”) Human Impact: not significant, sparsely populated; but has become the focus of mineral and oil extraction. |
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Term
|
Definition
| unprotected species resembles a harmful species |
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Term
|
Definition
| bodies of standing freshwater |
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Term
|
Definition
| one species benefits, other is harmed |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| if parasite causes disease and/or death to the host |
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Term
|
Definition
| shallow; soil is saturated with water;marshes, bogs, swamps |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
where rivers meet the ocean;
shallow & sunlit; lots of nutrients |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
along the shore; rocky, sandy, or
muddy beach exposed at low tide, covered at high tide |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| open blue water; 70% of biosphere |
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Term
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Definition
| diverse group of Cnidarians form corals— house fish, invertebrates, plant-life; high water clarity |
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Term
|
Definition
| sea floor; most receives no sunlight |
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Term
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Definition
| close, generally long-term associations between two or more species |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
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Definition
both species benefit
ex:- fungi and roots of plants (mycorrhizae)
- flowering plants and pollinators
- ants and bullhorn acacia trees |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Stagnant and acidic
Acids and phenols are excreted by mosses in bogs- “Bog bodies” in England, 2000 years old, soft tissues are preserved (no bacteria) while acid destroys bones and teeth |
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Term
|
Definition
| high nutrients (cyanobacteria convert atmospheric N into usable form for plants), nurseries for fish and birds |
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Term
|
Definition
| Unusual fish (and red-lipped worms!), hydrothermal vents (heat and nutrients alter seafloor conditions) |
|
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Term
| Montane pitcher plant, Borneo |
|
Definition
largest carnivorous plant in world
Nectar on “lid” attracts tree shrews, plant feeds off of shrew droppings (defecate to mark territory while eating)– gets most of nutritional needs this way! (also eats insects in lower altitudes) |
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Term
|
Definition
one benefits, other is unaffected
ex: - epiphytes on tropical trees
- bird nesting in tree
- shark and remora |
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Term
|
Definition
organisms and their physical environment, interact through:
1. Flow of energy
2. Cycling of materials |
|
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Term
| The Four Major Players in ecosystems |
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Definition
• Abiotic environment
• Primary producers (Autotrophs)
• Consumers (Heterotrophs)
• Decomposers and detritivores
– heterotrophs – eat detritus
(dead plants and animals, and waste products) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| autotrophs (phototrophs or chemotrophs) |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
saprobes or parasites:
aerobes and anaerobes
Some prokaryotes have specific nutritional requirements, others can use almost any organic molecule (including petroleum!) as food...
if a synthetic molecule cannot be broken down by bacteria, it is called “non-biodegradable” |
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Term
|
Definition
| decomposers that absorb nutrients from dead organisms |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| absorb nutrients from the body of living host |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can use oxygen; but not necessary |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tolerate oxygen but do not use it |
|
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Term
| Adaptations for Feeding in Protists |
|
Definition
•Heterotrophic:
•Phagotrophs- ingestive feeding •Osmotrophs- absorptive feeding
•Autotrophic
•Mixotrophs- switch between autotroph and heterotroph
depending on the environment
•Saprobes
•Parasites |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Adaptations for Feeding in Fungi |
|
Definition
-substrate feeders, live in the food source.
substrate= soil, rotting log, piece of bread, living tissue, etc. -absorptive feeding/ osmotrophs (absorb nutrients) -extracellular digestion (digest food before absorbing it)
-secrete enzymes like animals
-store surplus nutrients like animals |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Harms of fungi to animals and plants |
|
Definition
Many fungi cause animal and plant diseases
May also be parasitic on animals |
|
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Term
| Adaptation for Feeding in Animals |
|
Definition
| suspension, substrate, fluid and bulk feeders |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| filter/sift food particles from water |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| live in the food source and eat as they burrow |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| suck nutrient-rich fluids (parasites or pollinators) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| eat large pieces of food using adaptations such as claws, teeth, pincers, fangs, etc... |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Species are assigned to trophic levels, based on main source of nutrition and energy... thus trophic levels represent the “distance” a species is from the sun
(primary producers are the closest to the sun, always!) |
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Term
| Energy is transferred from sun through |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| many connected food chains |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| event that changes a community, removes organisms from it, and alters resource availability |
|
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Term
|
Definition
species whose impact on its community or ecosystem is much larger and more influential than would be expected from mere abundance
Both top predators (e.g. wolves) as well as less conspicuous species (e.g. tropical figs and some microorganisms) often play essential roles in their community
-Sea otters keep sea urchins in check, prevent them from destroying kelp forests
-Filter-feeding Krill is a keystone species in the complex Antarctic food web |
|
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Term
| Intermediate disturbance hypothesis |
|
Definition
| moderate disturbances can create opportunities for greater species diversity. |
|
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Term
| The flow of energy in ecosystems is linear which means: |
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Definition
| energy cannot be reused by organisms |
|
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Term
| at each transfer, about ( ) energy lost as heat and waste |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
When one animal feeds off of another, there is a loss of heat (energy) in the process-
Additional loss of energy occurs during respiration and movement of animals, and during photosynthesis in plants |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| community development over time, gradual change in plant and animal life in an area, especially after a disturbance |
|
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Term
| Food chains are limited by: |
|
Definition
| the inefficiency of energy transfer along the chain |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| initial colonizers of area, usually r species |
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Term
|
Definition
| most stable and diverse, characterize the region |
|
|
Term
| *** ~( %) energy transfer from one trophic level to the next*** |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Producers= first trophic level, always the lowest level of a pyramid |
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Term
|
Definition
~10% energy goes up to next level
NEVER inverted!! |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| occurs in a newly formed, often lifeless area (begins with soil formation) |
|
|
Term
| Ecological Pyramids of Biomass (dry weight) |
|
Definition
| rarely, but may be inverted |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| occurs in a disturbed area, faster than primary b/c soil already exists |
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Term
|
Definition
may be inverted
ex:numbers of consumers at each level |
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Term
BIOACCUMULATION of toxic
chemicals: |
|
Definition
-because each organism eats many organisms at a lower level in the chain, and many toxins are not degraded, organisms at higher trophic levels have much higher concentrations in their systems
Another example: mercury and fish (tuna at the top of the food chain)
Predatory fish (tuna, swordfish, shark and mackerel etc.) can have mercury concentrations in their bodies that are 10,000 times higher than those of their surrounding habitat! |
|
|
Term
| Gross primary productivity (GPP) |
|
Definition
| the amount of light energy that is converted to chemical energy by photosynthesis per unit time |
|
|
Term
| Net primary productivity (NPP) |
|
Definition
GPP minus the energy used by the primary producers for respiration (R) (for maintenance and growth)
• NPP=GPP - R • Expressed as:
– Energy per unit area per unit time (J/m2/yr) OR
– Biomass (weight) of vegetation added to the ecosystem per unit area per unit time (g/m2/yr) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
lakes, ponds “age"
-due to nutrient enrichment, resulting in increased plant and/or algal growth… decomposers multiply, use up most of oxygen
-water quality declines, lake may eventually be filled in by plants and soil
-occurs naturally over thousands of years
-human use (fertilizers and pollution) has accelerated |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-The conversion of light energy to chemical energy is called “gross primary production.” (photosynthesis)
-Plants use the energy captured in photosynthesis for maintenance and growth.
-The energy that is accumulated in plant biomass is called “net primary production.” |
|
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Term
| Greatest average primary productivity |
|
Definition
| Coral reefs and algal beds |
|
|
Term
| sucrose is main solute in () |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Greatest percentage of Earth's primary productivity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most productive terrestrial biome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Limits on Aquatic Primary Productivity |
|
Definition
•Light
-depth of light penetration (by 20m, only 5-10% radiation remains)
•Nutrients
-phosphorus, nitrogen, iron |
|
|
Term
| Limits on Terrestrial Primary Productivity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Transport in phloem always moves down sucrose gradient, from "" |
|
Definition
| "source to sink"... excess of system to deficit of system |
|
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Term
|
Definition
leaves
roots, buds, stems, flowers, fruits |
|
|
Term
| Nutritional Requirements for plants |
|
Definition
-nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, plus others in trace amounts
-From SOIL (or feces)
-Water (hydrogen, oxygen) -CO2 (carbon) |
|
|
Term
| mycorrhizae relationships are in- what percent of seed plants!! |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sugar loading into phloem causes water to diffuse into phloem, pressure builds, and water and sugar flow
-sugars move into a sink
=pressure-flow model |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| may tap into vascular tissues of another plant, and have no leaves/roots of their own |
|
|
Term
| What is the world’s largest flower |
|
Definition
The corpse flower (Rafflesia arnoldii)
smells like rotting flesh, attracts flies which pollinate |
|
|
Term
| Cyanobacteria supply what to plants? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Photosynthesis- Transpiration Compromise |
|
Definition
| •Rate of transpiration is greatest on sunny, warm, dry, windy days that increase evaporation of water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(xero=dry, phyte=plant)
•Small, thick leaves reduce surface area
•Some shed leaves during driest months, others (cacti) store water in fleshy stems to use in dry conditions
•Stomata in depressions that shelter from dry wind and provide increased humidity around the stomata
•Can tolerate high leaf temperatures |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| vascular tissue that transports water and dissolved minerals upward from the roots |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| vascular tissue that transports sugars from the leaves or storage tissues to other parts of plant |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| “dead” xylem, no longer conducts water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| of stomata swell and open in light, unless vacuoles have lost their water (drought) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| “live” xylem, still conduct water (but still made of dead xylem cells!) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| openings on the underside (WHY?) of leaves that allow the exchange of gases, and evaporation of water from the plant |
|
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Term
|
Definition
•Sun’s energy indirectly powers transpiration
•Water is cohesive (water molecules are attracted to each other and thus “stick together” due to hydrogen bonding)
•Tension exerted on water by evaporation at leaf’s surface pulls a continuous stream of water from the soil into the root |
|
|
Term
| How many gallons of water a day can a large oak tree loose? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
loss of water from leaves
of plant
-pulls water and dissolved minerals upward
-due to cohesion of water molecules and adhesion of water to cellulose of xylem walls |
|
|
Term
| Transpiration causes evaporative cooling which can: |
|
Definition
| can lower the temperature of leaves by 10- 15° C (prevents denaturing of proteins) |
|
|
Term
| Transpiration affected by: |
|
Definition
-temperature
-wind
-sunlight
-humidity
-stomata operation |
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