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-God created all things
-all things have a constant, perfect “essence” |
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| all living things are fixed in a hierarchy |
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| The study of nature to better understand God’s plan |
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| created the binomial classification system: each “type” of organism has a 2-part name consisting of its Genus & species |
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- believed in a relatively young age for the earth
- the fossil record reflects extinctions due to sporadic catastrophes |
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| Who said that Geologic gradualism geologic change occurs slowly over long periods of time? |
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species descended from common ancestors
Looked at similarity among the limb bones of different organisms that were used for different purposes.
We call these “homologous structures”: |
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| said species evolve by gradual change to adapt to their environment |
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If used, organs become stronger; if not, they deteriorate and eventually
disappear (due to “disuse”).
Use/disuse is dictated by demands of the environment: individuals change in
response to the environment. |
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| He saw a correlation between LOCATION and SIMILARITY (suggested common ancestry). |
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The fate of the poor is inescapable because their “reproductive powers” will always exceed their means of sustenance.
(first suggestion of “survival of the fittest”)
demands exceed supply of resources |
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| the “mechanism” by which species can change over time (evolve). |
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| sent Darwin a manuscript outlining his similar view of evolution by natural selection. |
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| FORMULATION OF DARWIN’S MODEL OF EVOLUTION BY NATURAL SELECTION, how many? |
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| 5 Observations and 3 inferences |
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| organisms have great potential for fertility (exponential growth) (T. Malthus) |
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| natural resources are limited (T. Malthus) |
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| natural pop’ns. normally do not incr. expon’lly but remain fairly constant in time |
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| a struggle for existence occurs among orgs. in a pop’n. (T. Malthus) |
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| variation occurs among organisms in pop’ns. (e.g., animal breeding, look at nature!) |
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| variation is heritable (e.g., animal breeding) |
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| varying orgs. show differential survival & reproduction favoring advantageous traits (= natural selection) |
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natural selection, acting over many generations, gradually
produces new adaptations and ultimately, new species |
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| The gradual evolution of traits within a species over time (e.g., within a finch species, see slight variations in beak size/shape over time). |
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The evolution of entirely new species.
(e.g., ultimately, arrive at a new species of finch) |
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• Biogeography
• The fossil record
• Comparative anatomy
• Comparative embryology
• Molecular biology
• Artificial selection |
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| the study of the geographical distribution of organisms. |
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| saw that patterns of similarities and differences between organisms determined more by location (a result of common ancestry) than by type of habitat. |
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| When a common ancestor “radiates” into several new species, each adapted by natural selection to a distinct environment or life style. |
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| similarity caused by shared ancestry |
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| ones with a common evolutionary origin, but whose functions may have changed (“adapted”) over time |
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| Examples of homologous structures |
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| the “rudimentary” hind limbs in whales and snakes indicate common ancestry with other vertebrates |
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| are similar because used for simlar function, but they evolved independently (not because of shared ancestry) |
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“remnants” of once-functional ancestral structures
Ex: the human appendix, tail bone, goose bumps |
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| Darwin’s “dilemma” or the “paradox of evolution” |
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-Evolution requires variation, but natural selection eliminates variation in populations (recall: increase in frequency of “red” individuals over “blue”).
-During Darwin’s day, “genes” were not known, and the cause of genetic variation (mutation) was not known. |
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| noted spontaneous appearance of NEW heritable variants in the evening primrose absent in true-breeding lines: called these “mutations” |
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| a group of interbreeding organisms |
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| Developed principles for studying gene inheritance in populations that are not evolving to provide a comaprative basis for studying populations that are evolving. |
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| Diploid individuals have __ alleles for each gene? |
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| Measure the dominant allele |
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| Measures the Recessive Allele |
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| random (unpredictable) changes in allele frequencies due to chance sampling events that arise in small pop’ns. |
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| When some disaster wipes out most of a pop’n, leaving a SMALL RANDOM SAMPLE |
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| inheritance of acquired traits |
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| proponent of catastrophism, whereby droughts and floods during earth’s 6000-year history resulted in extinctions |
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| proponent of uniformitarianism, whereby profound change, even extinctions, can result from slow, continuous natural & geological processes |
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| he assigned order to the diversity of God’s creations by naming and classifying species |
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| He developed a hypothesis of evolution by which organisms could pass on new and/or modified traits acquired during their lifetime to their offspring |
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| What is the change of frequency of alleles in a population? |
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| What is the formation of new species? |
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