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| Major portions of the brain |
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| brainstem, cerebrum (83% of volume), and cerebellum (50% of the neurons) |
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| seperates 2 cerebral hemispheres |
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| separates frontal and parietal lobe |
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neuon cell bodies, dendrites, and synapses
forms cortext over cerebrum and cerebellum
forms nuclei deep within the brain |
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bundles of axons
forms tracts that connect parts of brain |
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outermost tough membrane
outer periosteal layer against bone
inner meningeal layer
subdural space
where separated from inner meningeal layer forms dural venous sinuses for draining of blood
supportive structures:
falx cerebri
falx cerebelli
tentorium cerebelli |
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| is spider web filamentous layer |
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| a thin vasuclar layer adherent to contours of brain |
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inflammation of the meninges
bacterial and virus invasion of the CNS
signs include:
high fever
stiff neck
drowsiness
and intense headache
diagnose by examining CSF |
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| found inside cerebral hemispheres |
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| is single ventrical space under corpus callosum |
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| is small chamber between pons and cerebellum |
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| runs down through spinal cord |
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| internal chambers within the CNS |
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| lined with ependymal cells and contain choroid plexus of capillaries that produce CSF |
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clear liquid fills ventircles and canals and bathes it external surface
brain produces and absorbs about 500ml/day |
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buoyancy
protection
chemical stability |
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| escapes from 4th ventricle to surround the brain, absorbed by arachnoid villi into venous sinus |
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tightly joined endothelium
permeable to lipid soluble materials |
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in 3rd and 4th ventricles are breaks in the barrier where blood has direct access
monitoring of glucose, pH, osmolarity and other varioations, allows route for HIV virus to invade the brain |
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| at choroid plexus is ependymal cells joined by tight junctions |
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medulla oblongata
pons
cerebellum |
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| medulla oblongata- hindbrain |
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Definition
ascending and desending nerve tracts
nuclei of sensory and motor CNs
pyramids and olive visbe on surface |
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| functions of medulla oblongata |
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Definition
cardiac center
vasomotor center
respiratory centers
reflex centers
- coughing, sneezing, gagging etc |
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bulge in brainstem
rostral to the medulla
ascending SENSORY tracts
descending MOTOR tracts
pathways in and out of cerebellum |
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nuclei concerned with sleep, hearing, balance, tast, eye movements, facial expression, facial sensation, respiration, swallowing, bladder control, and posture
CN 5,6,7,and 8 |
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right and left hemispheres connect by vermis
parallel surface folds called folia are gray matter all of output comes from deep gray nuclei
sits upon 4th ventricle |
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| white matter visible in sagittal section |
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| connects the cerebellum to the brainstem |
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evaluation of sensory input
timekeeping center
distinguish pitch and similar sounding words
planning and scheduling tasks |
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tegmentum- connects to cerebellum and helps control fine movements through red nucleus
substainia nigra- produces dopamine and sends inhibitory signals to basal naglia and thalamus (degeneration leads to parkinson)
central pray matter- pain awareness |
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| 4 nuclei known as corpora quadrigemina |
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| tracks moving objects, blinking, pupillary and head turning reflexes |
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| reflex turning of head to sound |
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| reticular activating system |
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Definition
clusters of gray matter
regulate balance and posture, and sleep and conscious attention
includes cardiac and vasomotor centers
origin of descending analgesic pathways
pain modulation
INJURY- irreversible coma |
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Term
| diencephalon- the forebrain |
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Definition
thalamus (4/5ths)
hypothalamus
epithalamus |
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oval mass of gray matter
receieves nearly all sensory info on its way to cerebral cortext
relays from cerebellum to motor cortex
emotional and memory functions (limbic system) |
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| diencephalon: hypothalamus |
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Definition
walls and floor of 3rd ventricle
functions:
hormon seceretion
ANS control
thermoregulation
food and water intake
sleep
memory
emotional behavior |
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Term
| epithalamus (pineal gland) |
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Definition
| secretes seratonin and melatonin |
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| connects limbic system to midbrain |
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voluntary motor functions
planning
mood
smell
social judgment |
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| parietal lobe of cerebrum |
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Definition
| receives and intergrates sensory info |
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| occipital lobe of cerebrum |
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| temporal lobe of cerebrum |
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Definition
| areas for hearing smell learning memory and emotional behavior |
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| from brain to spinal cord |
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cross to opposite hemisphere
corpus callosum
anterior and posterior commissures |
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| connect lobes and gyri within a hemisphere |
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masses of gray matter deep to cerebral cortex
receive input from substanina nigra and motor cortex
motor control and inhibition of tremors |
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| loop of cortical structures surrounding deep brain |
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| amyglada in limbic system |
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| hippocampus - in limbic system |
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| records voltage changes from postsynpatic potentials in cerebral cortext, differences in amplitudea nd frequency distinguish type of brain wave |
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| occur when awake and resting with eyese closed |
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| occur when eyes open performin mental tasks |
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| occur during sleep or emotional stress |
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temp state of uncnsciousness
controlled by hypothalamus, reticular formation, thalamus, and cerebral cortext
restorative effect |
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| acts as biological clock to set our circadian rhythm |
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– 4 stages occurring in first 30 to 45 minutes of sleep
• stage 1 is drifting sensation (would claim was not sleeping)
• stage 2 still easily aroused
• stage 3 vital signs change -- BP, pulse & breathing rates drop
– reached in 20 minutes(after going to sleep)
• stage 4 is deep sleep -- difficult to arouse |
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sleep occurs about 5 times a night
rapid eye movements
EEG resembeles awak person
dreams and penile erections occur
helps sort and strengthen info from memory |
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Mental processes
– such as awareness, perception, thinking, knowledge and
memory
– association areas = _75_% of brain
• integration of sensory and motor information occurs |
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Term
| brain lesions in parietal lobe |
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Definition
contralateral neglect syndrom
unaware of objects or limbs on one side |
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| brain lesions in temporal lobe |
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Definition
agnosia- inability to recognize objects
prosopagnosia- inability to recognize faces |
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| brain lesions in frontal lobe |
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problems with personality
inability to plan and execute appropriate behavior |
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information management requires learning memory and forgetting the trivita
hippocampus- important in organizing sensory and cognitive info into a memory
cerebellum- helps learn motor skills
amygdala- important in emotional memory |
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prefrontal cortex controls how emotions are expressed
form in hypothalamus and amygdala |
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| learned by rewards and punishments or responses of others to them |
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comes from receptors widely distriubted throughout the body
touch, pain, pressure, stretch, movement |
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Organs of smell, taste, vision, hearing &
equilibrium project to specialized regions of the
brain |
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Term
| locations of special senses |
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Definition
taste is lower end of postcentral gyrus
– smell is medial temporal lobe & inferior frontal lobe
– vision is occipital lobe
– hearing is superior temporal lobe
– equilibrium is mainly the cerebellum, but to unknown
areas of cerebral cortex via the thalamus |
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| somesthetic association area (parietal lobe) |
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Definition
position of limbs, location of touch or pain, and
shape, weight & texture of an object |
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| visual assoication area (occipital lobe) |
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Definition
identify the things we see
faces are recognized in temporal lobe |
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| auditory association area (temporal lobe) |
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| remember the name of a piece of music or identify a person by his voice |
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primary motor area)
processes that order by sending signals to the spinal cord
supply muscles of contralateral side due to decussation |
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proportional to mumber of muscle motor units in a region
- FINE control |
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permits recognition of spoken
& written language & creates plan of speech |
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generates motor program for larynx, tongue, cheeks and lips
affective language area lesions produce |
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nonfluent aphasia
– slow speech, difficulty in choosing words
– entire vocabulary may be 2 to 3 words |
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fluent aphasia
– speech normal & excessive, but makes little sense |
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speech & understanding
are normal but text & pictures make no sense |
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categorical_ hemisphere
– specialized for spoken & written language, sequential &
analytical reasoning (math & science), analyze data in linear way |
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representational_ hemisphere
– perceives information more holistically, perception of spatial
relationships, pattern, comparison of special senses, imagination
& insight, music and artistic skill
• Highly correlated with handedness
– 91% of people right-handed with left side is categorical |
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