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| An energy level representing the distance of an electron from the nucleus of an atom |
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| A molecule that conveys electrons; one of several membrane proteins in electron transport chains in cells. Electron carriers shuttle electrons during the redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP |
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| Any substance that cannot be broken down to any other substance |
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| The capacity to do work (to move matter against an opposing force) |
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| The amount of energy that reactants must absorb before a chemical reaction will start |
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| All the changes that have transformed life on Earth from its earliest beginnings to the diversity that characterizes it today |
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| An inherited characteristic that enhances an organism's ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment |
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| A spontaneous chemical reaction in which there is a net release of free energy |
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| A nonspontaneous chemical reaction in which free energy is absorbed from the surroundings |
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| (triacylglycerol) A biological compound consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule |
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| first law of thermodynamics |
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| The principle of conservation of energy. Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed |
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| second law of thermodynamics |
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| The principle whereby every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe. Ordered forms of energy are at least partly converted to heat, and in spontaneous reactions, the free energy of the system also decreases |
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| (1) The study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter. See first law of thermodynamics and second law of thermodynamics. (2) A phenomenon in which external DNA is taken up by a cell and functions there |
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| A system of taxonomic classification based on the five kingdoms Monera, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia, and Protista |
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| A protist (protozoan) that moves by means of one or more flagella |
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| (plural, flagella) A long cellular appendage specialized for locomotion, formed from a core of nine outer doublet microtubules and two inner single microtubules, ensheathed in an extension of plasma membrane |
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| A specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and usually involved in chemical reactions |
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| An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch |
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| A protein covalently attached to a carbohydrate |
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| An organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of flat membranous sacs that modify, store, and route products of the endoplasmic reticulum |
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| (plural, grana) A stacked portion of the thylakoid membrane in the chloroplast. Grana function in the light reactions of photosynthesis |
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| The steady-state physiological condition of the body |
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| An organic molecule consisting only of carbon and hydrogen |
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| A type of weak chemical bond formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule |
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| A chemical process that lyses, or splits, molecules by the addition of water; an essential process in digestion |
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| Having an affinity for water |
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| Having an aversion to water; tending to coalesce and form droplets in water |
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| A functional group consisting of a hydrogen atom joined to an oxygen atom by a polar covalent bond. Molecules possessing this group are soluble in water and are called alcohols |
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| An atom that has gained or lost electrons, thus acquiring a charge |
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| A chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions |
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| One of several organic compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and therefore different properties. The three types of isomers are structural isomers, geometric isomers, and enantiomers |
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| One of several atomic forms of an element, each containing a different number of neutrons and thus differing in atomic mass |
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| The energy of motion, which is directly related to the speed of that motion. Moving matter does work by imparting motion to other matter |
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| A taxonomic category, the second broadest after domain |
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