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- 1600s
- Dutch
- Developed the microscope
- Animalcules - describe his own sperm cells
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- English
- 1665
- Slices of cork (bark of tree) cells
- Coined term cells (vacant) - organelles dead, gone
- Dead cell wall in cork (wall made of cellulose)
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- 1830
- First to see cell with nucleus
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- 1838
- Saw that plants are composed of cells
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- 1839
- Saw that animals are composed of cells
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- 1858
- Creates the cell theory
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- Cells are the basic units of structure and function in all living things
- Cells reproduce other cells - opposition: spontaneous generation
- Cells are the basic unit of life
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- 1970
- Endosymbiont Theory - explains the origin of chloroplasts and mitochondria and their double membranes
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- mitochondrialDNA - DNA in mitochondria
- chloroplastDNA - DNA in chloroplasts
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| Cellular Respiration takes place in the... |
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| Mitochondria is where ____________ takes place |
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- All living things are composed of cells
- Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things
- New cells are produced from existing cells
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- A large membrane-enclosed structure that contains the cell's genetic information in the form of DNA
- Controls many of the cell's activities
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- Lack nuclei and many organelles
- Simple
- Bacteria & blue-green algae
- Decompose - acidic, digestive enzymes
- Nucleoid in place of nucleus
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- Comples cells with nuclei
- Many organelles
- 2 major parts: Nucleus and Cytoplasm
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- Proteins associated with DNA in eukaryote chromosomes
- DNA wraps around it
- Spool and line
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- Nucleus - contains the genetic code for enzymes
- Nucleolus - where the assembly of RNA and ribosomes begins
- mRNA (messenger) diffuses across the nuclear membrane to...
- Ribosomes - manufacture the enzymes, where the assembly of proteins begins
- Enzymes are transported by the E.R. - within the E.R. carbohydrate markers (oligosaccharides) attach to specific enzymes forming glycoproteins
- E.R. transports glycoproteins to the Golgi Apparatus
- The Golgi sorts, packages, and secretes specific lysosomes
- Lysosome merges with a food vacuole (digestion)
- The waste vacuole can merge with the cell membrane and expell the wastes
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| Process of taking material into the cell by means of infoldings, or pockets, of the cell membrane |
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- "cell eating"
- Extensions of cytoplasm surround a particle and package it within a food vacuole
- The cell then engulfs it
- Amoebsa uss this method of taking in food
- Active Transport - uses energy
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- Cell takes up liquid from the surrounding environment
- Tiny pockets form along the cell membrane, fill with liquid, and pinch off to form vacuoles within the cell
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- How cells release large amounts of material from it
- Membrane of the vacuole surrounding the material fuses with the cell membrane, forcing the contents out of the cell
- Removal of water by meeans of a contractile vacuole is one example of this kind of active transport
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- The way that cells move materials in the opposite direction
- Against the concentration difference
- Low - High
- Requires ATP
- Carried out by "pumps" in membrane
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| Cells throughout an organism can develop in different ways to perform different tasks |
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- A group of similar cells that perform a particular function
- Makes up organs
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- Groups of tissues that work together
- Make up organ systems
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- A group of organs that work together to perform a specific function
- Many of these make up an organism
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| Levels of Organization in a Mulitcellular Organism |
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Definition
- Individual Cells
- Tissues
- Organs
- Organ Systems
- Organisms
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Term
| DNA can't ____ the nucleus |
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Definition
Leave
The largest protein so can't diffuse across nuclear membrane and be exposed to contents outside of the cell - smoke, alcohal, etc. |
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| In Lysosome Production, ____ copies and transports DNA to the ribsomes |
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Definition
mRNA
contains only one (of 5) gene of the DNA (different colors) |
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Factory
Blueprints (copied/coded DNA) goes to the factory on mRNA |
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Makes RNA
mRNA (messenger)
rRNA (ribosomal)
tRNA (transfer) |
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| Microfilaments are the small filaments within a cell that are usually floating around in the cytoplasm. They usually aid on providing structure or shape to the cell, but they can also help with the cell's ability to move around.You can find more information here |
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Microtubules are conveyer belts inside the cells. They move vesicles, granules, organelles like mitochondria, and chromosomes via special attachment proteins. They also serve a cytoskeletal role. Structurally, they are linear polymers of tubulin which is a globular protein. These linear polymers are called protofilaments. The figure to the left shows a three dimensional view of a microtubule. The tubulin molecules are the bead like structures. A protofilament is a linear row of tubulin beads.
Microtubules may work alone, or join with other proteins to form more complex structures called cilia, flagella or centrioles . |
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| Structure of the cell membrane |
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| Cell membrane is a phospholipid bilayer. It is composed of proteins and lipids (phospholipid). The structure (bilayer) consists primarily of a thin layer of amphipathic phospholipids which spontaneously arrange so that the hydrophobic "tail" regions are shielded from the surrounding polar fluid, causing the more hydrophilic "head" regions to associate with the cytosolic and extracellular faces of the resulting bilayer. |
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- collects photons
- Chlorophyll is in it's membrane
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| A particle representing a quantum of light |
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- Heads + Tails
- Heads - polar, charged, hydrophilic - having a tendency to mix with, dissolve in, or be wetted by water, lateral fluidity, soluble in water
- Tails - nonpolar, uncharged, hydrophobic - tending to repel or fail to mix with water, vertical fluidity, insoluble in water
- 2 tails per head - in middle of bilayer,
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A cisterna, plural cisternae, is a flattened sac, or compartment, inside what is known as the Golgi Apparatus
Make up Golgi Body |
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Cohesion of water is how well it sticks to itself. Also adhesion of water is how well it sticks to other substances.
cohension of water is caused by hydrogen bonds
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| Peripheral/ Marker Proteins |
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Definition
- On sides of protein channels
- Molecules with the right shape can attach to them and pass through the protein channel
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- Protein Channel
- They are used for substances not soluble in lipids ( or liquids) to move in and out of a cell
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| Any of a class of small organelles in the cytoplasm of plant cells, containing pigment or food |
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| A colorless organelle found in plant cells, used to store starch or oil |
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- Go through membrane
- An integral membrane protein (IMP) is a protein molecule (or assembly of proteins) that is permanently attached to the biological membrane
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| Composition of Heads and Tails |
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