Term
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Definition
The universe is all there is. (matter and energy)
The world spontaneously came into existence.
Things only happen by natural processes. |
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Definition
God exists
God created the world
God acts in His creation |
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Term
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Definition
| shiny, malleable and good conductors (passers) of heat and electricity |
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Term
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Definition
| dull, brittle crystalline solids (or gases or liquids) and are good insulators (don't pass on) of heat and electricity |
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Term
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Definition
The force a nucleus exerts on the electrons in its shells.
Bonds between atoms with similar electronegativities will form non-polar bonds.
Bonds between atoms with different electronegativities will form polar bonds. |
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Term
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Definition
| Two nonmetals share electrons |
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Term
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Definition
“electron stealing”
-Weaker than covalent bonds
-A metallic atom loses an e- to form a cation;
-A nonmetallic atom gains an e- to form an anion; |
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Term
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Definition
Two molecules with polar covalent bonds;
Each molecule has a “delta negative” and “delta positive” ;
These partial cations and anions attract each other by Coulomb’s Law;
”Weak Ionic Bond”
Molecules remain distinct: no molecular formula
-Holds DNA together
-Hold proteins in proper shape |
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Term
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Definition
Acids release hydrogen ions while bases accept hydrogen ions and release hydroxide.
Strong acid- completely dissociates in water leaving H+ along with the anion
Strong base- completely dissociates in water leaving OH- along with the cation |
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Term
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Definition
-keeps the pH of a solution, constant
-Significant amounts of acid or base can be added with very little effect on the pH |
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Term
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Definition
Two or more molecules combine into a larger one, while losing a water molecule
(Dehydration reaction) |
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Term
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Definition
| A polymer is broken down into monomers with an water molecule being added each time |
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Term
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Definition
| Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acid |
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Term
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Definition
Monosaccharides: simple sugars
Disaccharides: two monosaccharides joined together
Polysaccharides: (starch, fiber)
Function: Cells can break down carbohydrates, releasing energy and forming bonds in ATP |
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Term
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Definition
-Hexose- Glucose, Galactose, Fructose
-Pentose- Ribose, Deoxyribose |
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Term
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Definition
Sucrose=glucose+fructose
Lactose=glucose+galactose
Maltose=glucose+glucose |
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Term
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Definition
-glycogen (animals)
-starch (plants)
-cellulose (plants) |
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Term
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Definition
Types:
1. Free Fatty Acids
2. Triglycerides
3.Steroids
Functions:
1.Energy Storage
2.Cell structure
3.Signaling |
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Term
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Definition
Building blocks of proteins.
A carbon atom links to an amine group, a carboxyl group, and a side chain (R group)
Amino acids make up proteins |
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Term
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Definition
-Charged- Amino acids with electrically hydrophilic side chains
-Polar- Amino acids with polar, but uncharged side chains (water soluble)
-Non-Polar- Amino acids with nonpolar hydrophobic side chains (no nitrogen or oxygen) (hydrophobic) |
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Term
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Definition
| between the Nitrogen and Carbon, or the Amine group and the Carboxyl group. |
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Term
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Definition
Amino acid sequence
aa-aa-aa-aa |
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Term
Protein
Secondary Structure |
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Definition
-Folds itself
-Α Helix
-Β plated
-Held together by Hydrogen bonds |
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Term
Protein
Tertiary Structure |
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Definition
| All completely folds together |
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Term
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Definition
-how they interact with other proteins
-4 different proteins that make up
hemoglobin proteins
b. 4 identical subunits
c. Made of multiple proteins called globins
d. Proteins can be pulled apart and can
be put together again. Pull it apart and you won't kill the protein. |
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Term
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Definition
| Responsible for storage, expression, and transmission of genetic information |
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Term
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Definition
a. Nucleotides are polymerized together through the phosphates
b. Connecting 3rd Carbon to 5th Carbon of nucleotides to connect
c. Two strands are "anti-parallel":
d. T and A only make 2 hydrogen bonds while the G and C are able to make 3 hydrogen bonds |
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Term
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Definition
a.Very similar to DNA except for an additional oxygen group on its 2nd Carbon
b.Wherever there's a T in DNA, there's a U (uracil) instead.
c.Are almost always made single stranded. |
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Term
| Ribose phosphate backbone |
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Definition
| The base and the phosphate |
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Term
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Definition
Pyrimdines
-Cytosine
-Thymine
-Uracil
Purines
-Adenine
-Guanine |
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Term
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Definition
-DNA associated with its proteins holding it together
-Condensed" DNA w ith protein:
-Histone proteins
-Made of 8 proteins linked together
-Stacked together and twisted again |
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Term
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Definition
-Peptidoglycan (sugar coat outside membrane)
-single celled
-e.Bacteria morphology
i.Staphylococcus
1.Coccus refers to sphere like form
ii.Filamentous bacteria
1.Long strands
iii.Bacillus
1.Broad shaped |
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Term
| Gram Positive vs. Gram Negative |
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Definition
Gram positive:Anthrax (when you put the dye on it,it sticks and stains their cell wall)
Gram negative: E.C coli (has additional membrane
outside peptidoglycan layer.
So the dye doesn't stain it very well) |
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Term
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Definition
a.Animals (Metazoans or multi-cellular), Plants, Fungi, Protists (Protozoa), Algae
b.Eukaryotic Cell
i.Compartmentalization: allows for specialization (can do different reactions in different chambers inside the cell membrane)
ii.Often much bigger than prokaryotic cells
iii.Metazoan animals:
1.Specialized cell types, each with a unique function |
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Term
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Definition
| a membrane-bound compartment with its own unique structure and function. |
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Term
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Definition
i. Two bilayers wrapped around each other (two membranes)
ii. Nuclear pore complex |
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Term
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Definition
| assembles ribosomes from proteins and rRNA |
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Term
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Definition
| a network of membranes that form flattened, fluid-filled tubules, or cisternae |
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Term
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Definition
-Sorts proteins that are destined for the ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, -vacuoles, plasma membrane, or outside of the cell
-Inserts of certain newly made proteins into the ER membrane
-Attaches carbohydrates to proteins and lipids |
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Term
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Definition
-Diverse metabolic processes
-Carbohydrate metabolism
-Accumulation of calcium ions
-Synthesis of phospholipids |
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Term
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Definition
| -involved in polypeptide synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
i.Double stranded polymer of individual actin subunits
ii.Usually associated with membrane
iii.Quatrenary structure
iv.Highly branched network
v.Constantly growing and/or shrinking
vi.Inside the cell
vii.Functions
1.Cell shape
2.Cell-cell contact
3.Cell movement
4.Cell Division |
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Term
| microtubules (alpha beta tubulin) |
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Definition
i.Made of two distinct tubulin proteins: alpha and beta tubulins
ii. Alpha and Beta Dimerize together
iii.Continuously polymerizing and de-polymerizing
iv.Functions
1.Axon shape (of neuron)
2.Intracellular transport
3.Cell division (spindle) |
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Term
| intermediate filaments:(eg. lamin) |
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Definition
i. Composed of many different protein subunits
ii. Lamin: in the nucleus
iii. Keratin: hair, nails
iv. Function:
1. Transport in the cell
2. Structure of the nucleus
v. Inside and outside of cells
vi. Longer thinner
vii. Individual proteins form together to make a dimer. Then they stack together. Then they roll up into bigger tubes. Very rope-like. |
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Term
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Definition
| Saying something has a purpose. (Ex: The heart is for pumping blood) |
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Term
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Definition
| Remove any part of the machine=Becomes non-functional |
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Term
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Definition
i. Inner membrane
1. Highly invaginated (folded) to form projections called cristae
2. Site were ATP is made
3. The compartment enclosed by the inner membrane is the mitochondrial matrix
ii. Primary role: to make ATP
1. Break down covalent bonds in sugars, fats, and amino acids to store large amount of energy
iii. Other functions:
1. Involved in the synthesis, modification, and breakdown of several types of cellular molecules.
2. Generate heat in specialized fat cells known as brown fat cells |
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Term
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Definition
i. Chloroplasts are specialized versions of plant organelles known as plastids
ii. All plastids are derived from unspecialized proplastids
iii. Often contain pigments that perform photosynthesis |
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