Term
. In triploblastic animals, the tissue layer that differentiates them from diploblatic animals is:
a) the ectoderm
b) the mesoderm
c) the endoderm.
d) the pseudocoelom
e) the coelom |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Major nutritional types found in ________ are photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs, photoheterotrophs, and chemoheterotrophs.
a) Protists
b) Plants
c) Fungi
d) Plant and Fungi
e) None of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In a __________, one sperm fertilizes the egg, and the other fuses with 2 gametophyte nuclei to form the first endosperm cell.
a) turtle
b) Sperm Whale
c) double-fertilization process
d) Chytrid fungus
e) all of the above |
|
Definition
| c) double-fertilization process |
|
|
Term
The first evidence for turtles in the fossil record was about:
a) 2 mya
b) 20 mya
c) 200 mya
d) 2,000 mya
e) all of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
. _____ illustrate early-evolved features of land plants, such as a sporic life cycle involving embryos that develop within protective, nourishing gametophytic tissues.
a) Gnetophytes
b) Bryophytes
c) Angiosperms
d) Monocots
e) Earliophytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Evidence for the first life, which was a ________ organism, was ______ mya
a) Eukaryote; 3,800
b) Eukaryote; 2,800
c) Prokaryote; 2,800
d) Prokaryote; 3800
e) None of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
99% of all species that have ever existed are ______.
a) Extant
b) Extinct
c) Arthropods
d) Mammals
e) Aliens |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
85-90% of all plant species are capable of being infected by _______, which ultimately is beneficial to both organisms.
a) Fungi
b) Bacteria
c) Algae
d) Archea
e) Mycorrhizae |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
When were all extant animal phyla first present in the fossil record?
a) 1 mya
b) 10 mya
c) 100 mya
d) 450 mya
e) 4,500 mya |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following morphological features are used to classify animals
a) Presence or absence of different tissue types
b) Types of body symmetry
c) Presence or absence of a true body cavity
d) Specific features of embryonic development
e) All of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the primary significance of the coevolution of plants and animals that is relevant to this unit?
a) Major extinction events
b) Speciation rates
c) Mutation rates
d) Mycorrhiza
e) None of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Aves have the following derived traits, which distinguish them from their reptilian ancestors
a) Feathers
b) Hollow bones
c) Endothermy
d) None of the these
e) All of the these |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Species belonging to which Domain are responsible for virtually all the fixed nitrogen on earth?
a) Archea
b) Bacteria
c) Eukarya
d) All are equally responsible |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following major groups are made up of many species and individuals that are decomposers
a) Bacteria
b) Bacteria and Fungi
c) Bacteria, Fungi, Plants
d) Bacteria, Fungi, Plants, Protists
e) Bacteria, Fungi, Plants, Protists, Animals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
____ major extinction events have occurred over the history of life, and these extinction events were followed by a(n) _______ in diversity.
a) 10, increase
b) 10 decrease
c) 5, increase
d) 5, decrease
e) 99, loss |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which groups are phylogenetically more closely related to each other?
a) Fungi:Plants
b) Plants:Animals
c) Fungi:Animals
d) Cyanobacteria:Plants
e) Fungi:Mammals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is true about viruses?
a) Their classification violates rules of phylogeny
b) They are cellular
c) They metabolize energy
d) They evolve by some of the same general mechanisms as all organisms (e.g., selection, mutation)
e) Both a and d are correct |
|
Definition
| e) Both a and d are correct |
|
|
Term
What animal phyla displays radial symmetry in adults only
a) Porifera
b) Protostoma
c) Coleoptera
d) Annelida
e) none of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The evolution of mitochondria and chloroplasts (and hence, eukaryotic unicellular organisms) from prokaryotes probably:
a) Involved endosymbiosis
b) Occurred many times
c) Occurred once
d) Both a and b are supported by abundant evidence |
|
Definition
| d) Both a and b are supported by abundant evidence |
|
|
Term
Some characteristics that differentiate Eukaryotes from Prokaryotes are:
a) Cell size
b) Mitotic cycle
c) Multiple chromosomes
d) All of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
All of the following are found in angiosperms except:
a) tracheids
b) triploid endosperm tissues
c) fruits
d) flagellated sperm
e) carpels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following lead to an increase in diversity through evolutionary time?
a) Opening of niches
b) Competition
c) Extinction
d) Predation
e) All of these |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How many named animal species are there?
a) 0.12 million
b) 1.2 million
c) 12 million
d) 120 million
e) 1,200 million |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The common ancestor of all animals was probably a:
a) Space alien
b) Prokaryote
c) Plant
d) Fungus
e) Protist |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
All vertebrates are ______.
a) reptiles
b) aves
c) craniates
d) deuterostomes
e) extant |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The component of evolutionary biology that we have been primarily studying in class is:
a) The history and diversity of life
b) The origin of life
c) Molecular mechanisms for speciation
d) The fossil record
e) Inheritance of acquired characters |
|
Definition
| a) The history and diversity of life |
|
|
Term
Evolution is a theory in biology, which means that:
a) Evolutionary theory accounts for many facts in biology (e.g., genetic, anatomical, and biochemical
similarities between populations of organisms). In addition, biogeography, fossil records,
comparative anatomy, comparative embryology, molecular biology, and ecology support the major
tenets of evolutionary biology.
b) Evolutionary theory is just one of many scientifically based theories for describing the history
and diversity of life on earth
c) Both a and b are valid explanations. |
|
Definition
a) Evolutionary theory accounts for many facts in biology (e.g., genetic, anatomical, and biochemical
similarities between populations of organisms). In addition, biogeography, fossil records,
comparative anatomy, comparative embryology, molecular biology, and ecology support the major
tenets of evolutionary biology |
|
|
Term
Which of the following accurately describe prokaryotes?
a) They are found wherever there is life
b) Some soil bacteria carry out the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen or mineralization of organic N, \
converting N to a form that plants can use
c) Some cause disease
d) They can evolve even though they are not considered to carry out sexual reproduction
e) All the above accurately describe prokaryotes |
|
Definition
| e) All the above accurately describe prokaryotes |
|
|
Term
Currently, there are approximately how many named species
a) 170,000
b) 1,700,000
c) 1,700,000,000
d) 1,700,000,000,000 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following statements about the size of cells and organelles is correct and is evidence of a link between bacteria and eukaryotic organisms?
a) Prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms have the same size cell
b) Viruses and prokaryotic organisms have the same size cell
c) Chloroplasts and mitochondria are the same size as viruses
d) Chloroplasts and mitochondria are the same size as eukaryotic cells
e) Chloroplasts and mitochondria are the same size as prokaryotic cells |
|
Definition
| e) Chloroplasts and mitochondria are the same size as prokaryotic cells |
|
|
Term
Which groups contain some species that are photosynthetic?
a) Animals, Fungi, Plants, Protista, Bacteria
b) Fungi, Plants, Protista, Bacteria
c) Plants, Protista, Bacteria
d) Plants, Protista
e) Plants, Bacteria |
|
Definition
| c) Plants, Protista, Bacteria |
|
|
Term
Some characteristics that differentiate Eukaryotes from Prokaryotes are:
a) Cell size
b) Meiosis
c) Multiple chromosomes
d) Binary fision
e) All of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
One reason for the enormous evolutionary success of seed plants is their possession of:
a) Complex leaves that can photosynthesize at a faster rates than nonseed-producing plants
b) Seeds with food reserves for the young sporophyte
c) Seeds with a resting stage than can remain viable for many years, germinating when conditions are
favorable for growth of the sporophyte
d) Both b and c
e) a, b, and c |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What general major innovation (i.e., derived trait) occurred during the evolution of plants that is most evident in the extant plant group with the most species?
a) A reduced gametophyte that is dependent on the sporophyte
b) A reduced sporophyte that is dependent on the gametophyte
c) A large sporophyte and small, independent gametophyte
d) A sporophyte and gametophyte that are both independent
e) Trachieds |
|
Definition
| a) A reduced gametophyte that is dependent on the sporophyte |
|
|
Term
How have fruits contributed to the success of angiosperms?
a) By nourishing the plants that make them
b) By facilitating dispersal of seeds by wind and animals
c) By attracting insects to the pollen inside
d) By producing sperm and eggs inside a protective coat
e) By producing triploid cells via double fertilization |
|
Definition
| b) By facilitating dispersal of seeds by wind and animals |
|
|
Term
The evolution of the following general traits were important for plants being successful on land, and distinguish plants from charophycean algae.
a) Cuticle
b) Stomates
c) Xylem and phloem
d) Secondary chemicals
e) All of the above traits |
|
Definition
| e) All of the above traits |
|
|
Term
Gymnosperms are noted for all of the following except:
a) Utility to humans
b) Size
c) Success in cold climates
d) Longevity
e) Great diversity of species |
|
Definition
| e) Great diversity of species |
|
|
Term
Approximately how many animal phyla have been described?
a) 3
b) 5
c) 35
d) 350
e) 3.5K |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which groups have species with mitochondria?
a) Plants
b) Animals and Fungi and some protists
c) Plants and Protists
d) Plants, Fungi, Protists, and Animals
e) Plants, Fungi, Protists, Bacteria, and Animals |
|
Definition
| d) Plants, Fungi, Protists, and Animals |
|
|
Term
Which groups have species with chloroplasts?
a) Plants
b) Bacteria
c) Plants and Bacteria
d) Plants and Algae
e) Plants, Bacteria, and Algae |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What phylum is purported to be causing a worldwide decline in frog species?
a) Mycorrhiza
b) Fungi
c) Ascomycota
d) Chytridiomycota
e) Protisticota |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Protists are alike in that all are: a) Multicellular b) Photosynthetic c) Marine d) Nonparasitic e) Eukaryotic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Approximately how many species of reptiles are currently extant?
a) 780,000
b) 78,000
c) 7,800
d) 780
e) 78 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
. Fossil fungi date back to the origin and early evolution of plants. What combination of environmental and morphological change is similar in the evolution of both fungi and plants?
a) presence of "coal forests" and change in mode of nutrition b) periods of drought and presence of filamentous body shape
c) predominance in swamps and presence of cellulose in cell walls
d) colonization of land and loss of flagellated cells e) continental drift and mode of spore dispersal |
|
Definition
| d) colonization of land and loss of flagellated cells |
|
|
Term
If there were no mycorrhizae, which of the following would be a plausible hypothesis? a) There would be fewer infectious diseases b) We wouldn't have any antibiotics c) There would be no mushrooms for pizza d) Most vascular plants would be stunted in their growth
e) Cheeses like blue cheese or Roquefort would not exist |
|
Definition
| d) Most vascular plants would be stunted in their growth |
|
|
Term
If you wanted to cause the extinction of an entire phylum, which phylum would be easiest to eliminate based on the total number of species that you would have to eliminate?
a) Ginkgophyta
b) Anthophyta
c) Arthropoda
d) Mollusca
e) Chordata |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The most dominant terrestrial animal order (in terms of number of species within the group)
is:
a) Cnideria
b) Annelida
c) Coleoptera
d) Chordata |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The shared derived trait of mammals and reptiles that is unique is:
a) Mitochondria
b) Lungs
c) Amniotic egg
d) Legs
e) All of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which group of chordate has the following derived features: hair, amniotic egg, milk?
a) Reptiles
b) Birds
c) Mammals
d) Both b and c have those derived features
e) a, b, and c have those derived features |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the probable sequence in which the following clades of animals originated, from earliest to most recent?
1. tetrapods 2. vertebrates 3. deuterostomes 4. amniotes 5.bilaterians
a) 5, 3, 2, 4, 1
b) 5, 3, 2, 1, 4
c) 5, 3, 4, 2, 1
d) 3, 5, 4, 2, 1
e) 3, 5, 2, 1,4 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
According to a new study, what percentage of species on earth today have not been described?
a) 6%
b) 56%
c) 86%
d) 126%
e) There was no such study |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
White pine blister rust is a ______ and has a complicated life cycle, with ____ hosts(s).
a) plant, 1
b) fungi, 1
c) protist, 1
d) fungi, 2
e) protist, 2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Our ancestors’ sexual relations with _________ and the recently-discovered _______ might have shaped modern humans’ ability to fight diseases.
a) apes, monkeys
b) gorillas, monkeys
c) Neanderthals, Denisovans
d) Europeans, Africans
e) gorillas, Neanderthals |
|
Definition
| c) Neanderthals, Denisovans |
|
|
Term
The number of named angiosperm species is approximately:
a) 250
b) 2,500
c) 25,000
d) 250,000
e) none of these |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is an example of a plant manipulating an animal?
a) An animal obtains nectar from an individual in species x, but then transfers the pollen to an individual in species y.
b) A plant advertises its high leaf nutrient content to a herbivore via large green leaves
c) A plant takes out an ad in the New York Times
d) A plant smells like rotten flesh
e) None of these |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
) A major unique difference between plants and animals is that:
a) Animals have a vascular system and plants do not
b) Animals have the capacity for indeterminate growth while plants have determinate growth
c) Plants have modular form while animals have unitary form
d) Animals lose water via transpiration and plant lose water through cuticle
e) Plants can undergo speciation but animals were all “created” and only undergo small genetic changes
through time |
|
Definition
| c) Plants have modular form while animals have unitary form |
|
|
Term
Skunk cabbage has been shown to do which of the following metabolically expensive activities, which ultimately probably results in pollination?
a) Attract skunks during the winter
b) Generate heat
c) Concentrate solar radiation
d) Produce a compound similar to that found in hot chilies
e) None of these |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
You completely removed the bark from around the base of an oak tree to illustrate how inferior trees are and how powerful humans are. To your dismay, the leaves retain their normal appearance for several weeks – but to your delight – the tree eventually dies. The tissue that you left functional was:
a) Phloem
b) Xylem
c) Cork Cambium
d) Vascular cambium
e) All of the above tissue or cell types were left functional, the tree died because it was attacked by
tree haters |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Besides genes, what is the primary determinant of meristem differentiation?
a) Environmental growth conditions
b) Endogenous hormone levels
c) Exogenous hormone levels
d) Herbivores breaking apical dominance
e) Cell wall hardening |
|
Definition
| a) Environmental growth conditions |
|
|
Term
Why would you want to potentially lose money and plant non-Bt corn along with Bt corn?
a) There is no logical reason
b) Because it is policy
c) Because if pests become resistant to Bt corn, then the potential long-term loses are greater than short- term gains
d) Because Bt genes might escape into other “weed” species |
|
Definition
| c) Because if pests become resistant to Bt corn, then the potential long-term loses are greater than short- term gains |
|
|
Term
Which of the following soil properties influence root and plant growth?
a) Water holding capacity
b) Fertility
c) Organic content
d) Inorganic content
e) all of the these |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Agriculture uses principles of ________ for breeding crops and animals
a) Inheritance of acquired traits
b) Evolution
c) Design
d) Inbreeding depression
e) Self-incompatibility |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which plant hormone is most chemically related to human sex hormones?
a) auxin
b) brassinosteroids
c) turnip
d) gibberellins
e) none of these |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Meristems are:
a) Plant cells that remain embryonic, allowing for indeterminate growth
b) Sclerenchyma tissue
c) Embryos
d) Baby cells
e) Intelligently designed cells |
|
Definition
| a) Plant cells that remain embryonic, allowing for indeterminate growth |
|
|
Term
What is a difference between plant and animal hormones?
a) Plant hormones are regulatory substances, animal hormones are not.
b) Plant hormones are active in high concentration, animal hormones are not.
c) Plant hormones can be produced in many cells and tissue types.
d) None of these. |
|
Definition
| c) Plant hormones can be produced in many cells and tissue types |
|
|
Term
Approximately 80-90 percent of the water taken up by plants is:
a) Lost through stomata during transpiration
b) Absorbed by central vacuoles during cell elongation
c) Stored in xylem
d) Used to fix carbon dioxide
e) Split during photosynthesis |
|
Definition
| a) Lost through stomata during transpiration |
|
|
Term
An evolutionary adaptation that increases exposure of a plant to light in a dense forest is:
a) Closing of the stomata
b) Lateral buds
c) Apical dominance
d) Absence of petioles
e) Intercalary meristems |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The plant “immune” system is known as ____________.
a) The plant hormone system
b) The plant phytochrome system
c) The plant human system
d) systemic acquired resistance
e) evolution resistance |
|
Definition
| d) systemic acquired resistance |
|
|
Term
What are the general characteristics of primitive flowers?
a) They are old
b) They are colorful
c) They are complex
d) They are visited by very specialized pollinators
e) They are visited by very generalized pollinators |
|
Definition
| e) They are visited by very generalized pollinators |
|
|
Term
What flower organ results in fruit?
a) Ovary
b) Ovule
c) Flower
d) Shoot
e) Adventitious root |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
) Drought affects which of the following processes:
a) Stomatal conductance
b) Photosynthesis
c) Nutrient uptake
d) Cell expansion
e) All of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A woodlot was sprayed with a fungicide. What would be the most serious effect of such spraying?
a) A decrease in food for animals that eat mushrooms
b) An increase in rates of wood decay
c) A decrease in tree growth due to the death of mycorrhizae
d) An increase in the number of decomposing bacteria
e) Both a and b |
|
Definition
| c) A decrease in tree growth due to the death of mycorrhizae |
|
|
Term
Plant cells which are actively dividing are _____ cells.
a) differentiated
b) vascular
c) meristematic
d) xylem |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The process by which nitrogen gas is combined with hydrogen to produce ammonia is:
a) mineralization
b) nitrogen fixation
c) cation exchange
d) nitrogenation
e) ammonification |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is not a unique feature of flowering plants?
a) xylem
b) endosperm
c) flowers
d) fruit |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is responsible for cohesion between water molecules?
a) xylem bonding
b) sunlight
c) hydrogen bonding
d) evaporation
e) none of these |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The soil nutrient most limiting to plant growth is generally:
a) Carbon
b) Nitrogen
c) Potassium
d) Argon
e) Kryptonite |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The direction of phloem transport is best described as:
a) roots to shoots
b) shoots to roots
c) sinks to sources
d) sources to sinks |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is/are characteristics of plants experiencing nutrient limitations?
a) Slow growth
b) Small leaves
c) Large root:shoot ratios
d) a and b are common characteristics
e) a, b, and c are common characteristics |
|
Definition
| e) a, b, and c are common characteristics |
|
|
Term
Aphids can be used by scientists to measure rates of flow of sugar in the phloem because:
a) Phloem is under tension
b) Phloem is under pressure
c) Phloem transports sugar and aphids like sugar
d) Ants tend aphids
e) Aphids tend ants |
|
Definition
| b) Phloem is under pressure |
|
|
Term
Most of the mass of organic material in a plant comes from:
a) Carbon dioxide
b) Metabolic water
c) Soil minerals
d) Atmospheric oxygen
e) Nitrogen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A benefit of sexual reproduction in plants is:
a) The greater number of progeny that results
b) Ease of pollination
c) The improved ability of plants to adapt to new ¬environments
d) That the haploid plant becomes diploid
e) Farther dispersal of progeny |
|
Definition
| c) The improved ability of plants to adapt to new ¬environments |
|
|
Term
Phloem transport is driven by:
a) sunlight
b) tension
c) a pressure difference
d) cohesion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the function of the S-allele in plants?
a) Prevent pollen from one species to pollinate a plant from a different species
b) Prevent self-fertilization
c) Prevent outcrossing
d) Prevent the growth of flowers, thereby preventing self-fertilization
e) Prevent hybridization between crop and wild species |
|
Definition
| b) Prevent self-fertilization |
|
|
Term
Flowers having both stamens and carpels are said to be:
a) complete flowers
b) incomplete flowers
c) perfect flowers
d) imperfect flowers
e) all of these |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The transpiration ratio (a measure of water use efficiency) for C3, C4, and CAM plants is _____, _____, and _____, respectively.
a) 5:1, 3.5:1, 2.5:1
b) 50:1, 35:1, 25:1
c) 500:1, 350:1, 250:1
d) Ratio of grams of water to grams of biomass
e) There is no whey to know |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following statements is true about genetically modified (transgenic) plants?
a) They can be produced only via sexual reproduction
b) They contain genes from more than one species
c) Intermediate species are required for transgenic plants to be produced
d) They require ten years to be produced
e) There is zero probability that a transgenic plant could be dangerous to consume or grow |
|
Definition
| b) They contain genes from more than one species |
|
|
Term
The shape and size of offspring from a red maple tree is highly dependent on environmental growth conditions. This is because of:
a) Phenotypic plasticity
b) Ethylene
c) Wind
d) Herbivores
e) Design |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The advantage of self-fertilization in plants is:
a) Increased genetic recombination
b) That meiosis can occur
c) Greater efficiency of pollination
d) That no flowering is needed
e) That genetic variation leads to greater genetic drift |
|
Definition
| c) Greater efficiency of pollination |
|
|
Term
Under what conditions would asexual plants have the greatest advantage over sexual plants?
a) An environment that varies on a regular, predictable basis
b) An environment with irregular fluctuations of conditions
c) A relatively constant environment with infrequent disturbances
d) An environment with many seed predators
e) An environment with abundant insect pollinators |
|
Definition
| c) A relatively constant environment with infrequent disturbances |
|
|
Term
An endosperm nucleus results from double fertilization and is:
a) Haploid
b) Diploid
c) Triploid
d) Irrelevant since it does not become a seed
e) Tasty |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Soybeans (a legume) are often planted in fields in which corn had been grown the year before. Why?
a) Soybeans carry out C3 photosynthesis and corn C4 photosynthesis
b) Soybeans need less light
c) Soybeans add reduced nitrogen to the soil
d) Soybeans produce seeds rich in oils
e) Soybeans can produce reduced sulfur compounds |
|
Definition
| c) Soybeans add reduced nitrogen to the soil |
|
|
Term
The pressure potential in the xylem of plants is ______, and results in ______. The pressure potential in the phloem is _______ and results in ________.
a) negative, tension. positive, pressure
b) positive, turgor. positive, tension
c) positive, tension. negative, pressure
d) negative, turgor. positive, turgor
e) none of these |
|
Definition
| a) negative, tension. positive, pressure |
|
|
Term
Which soil mineral is most likely leached away during a hard rain and can ultimately result in “dead zones” in the Gulf of Mexico and other marine areas?
a) Na+
b) K+
c) Ca++
d) NO3-
e) H+ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The productivity of a crop declines when leaves begin to wilt mainly because:
a) The chlorophyll of wilting leaves decomposes
b) Flaccid mesophyll cells are incapable of photosynthesis
c) Stomata close, preventing CO2 from entering the leaf
d) Photolysis, the water-splitting step of photosynthesis, cannot occur when there is a water deficiency
e) An accumulation of CO2 in the leaf inhibits the enzymes required for photosynthesis |
|
Definition
| c) Stomata close, preventing CO2 from entering the leaf |
|
|
Term
) Farming practices have a significant impact on the diversity of beneficial _______, which are known to play important roles in crop productivity.
a) Herbivores
b) Carnivores
c) Fungi
d) Bacteria
e) Antibiotics |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is most related to senescence of deciduous leaves in the fall?
a) CO2
b) Cytokinins
c) Ethylene
d) Fire
e) Gibberellic acids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
If you were a plant, most likely you would be:
a) Monoecious
b) Dioecious
c) Hermaphroditic
d) Horny
e) Attracted to animals of the same sex |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the current concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?
a) 290 ppm
b) 390 ppm
c) 490 ppm
d) 590 ppm
e) Who cares? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What was the concentration of carbon dioxide at the start of the industrial revolution?
a) 280 ppm
b) 390 ppm
c) 490 ppm
d) 590 ppm
e) A lot |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following are primary meristems?
a) Stomatal tissue
b) Xylem tissue
c) Transpiration tissue
d) a, b and c
e) none of these |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The most abundant protein in the world is most likely:
a) PEP
b) Rubisco
c) Starch
d) Nitrogen
e) Lettuce |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What process is responsible for increasing night time air temperatures reducing rice yield?
a) Photolysis
b) Respiration
c) Photosynthesis
d) Transpiration
e) Photorespiration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Plant growth is driven by an increase in two factors: ______________
a) the number of cells and their orientation.
b) the number of proteins and their size.
c) the division of cells and their cell wall thickness.
d) the number of cells and their size.
e) the number of atoms of nitrogen and phosphorous. |
|
Definition
| d) the number of cells and their size. |
|
|
Term
Plants often use changes in day length (photoperiod) to trigger events such as dormancy and flowering. It is logical that plants have evolved this mechanism because photoperiod changes:
a) Are more predictable than air temperature changes
b) Alter the amount of energy available to the plant
c) Are modified by soil temperature changes
d) Can reset the biological clock
e) Are correlated with moisture availability |
|
Definition
| a) Are more predictable than air temperature changes |
|
|
Term
Evolution is a theory in biology, which means that:
a) Evolutionary theory accounts for many facts in biology (e.g., genetic, anatomical, and biochemical
similarities between populations of organisms). In addition, biogeography, fossil records,
comparative anatomy, comparative embryology, molecular biology, and ecology support the major
tenets of evolutionary biology.
b) Evolutionary theory is just one of many scientifically based theories for describing the history
and diversity of life on earth
c) Both a and b are valid explanations. |
|
Definition
a) Evolutionary theory accounts for many facts in biology (e.g., genetic, anatomical, and biochemical
similarities between populations of organisms). In addition, biogeography, fossil records,
comparative anatomy, comparative embryology, molecular biology, and ecology support the major
tenets of evolutionary biology |
|
|
Term
Why are insect and disease outbreaks relatively rare in natural systems but very common in agricultural systems (or would be without out the use of control methods, for example, pesticides)
a) Agricultural systems are not real – and the insects and disease agents take advantage
b) Agricultural systems are generally placed in areas with high numbers of pests
c) Most agricultural systems are high density monocultures
d) Agricultural plants are fertilized with high amounts of nitrogen, making their tissue nitrogen
concentrations relatively high
e) Both c and d are good explanations |
|
Definition
| e) Both c and d are good explanations |
|
|
Term
) ______ muscles often are under voluntary control.
a) Skeletal
b) Rough
c) Hard
d) Cardiac
e) Smooth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The organization of the animal body involves a hierarchy of structures. The correct order of this hierarchy is:
a) cells, organs, tissues, organ systems
b) cells, body plan, organs, organ system
c) tissue, cells, organ systems, organs
d) organs, tissues, cells, organ systems
e) none of these |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Why do small vessels called capillaries in the lungs increase the rate of diffusion of O2 to your blood?
a) Capillaries increase the surface area for diffusion.
b) Capillaries decrease the amount of O2 available for diffusion.
c) Capillaries increase the amount of O2 available for diffusion.
d) Capillaries decrease the surface area for diffusion |
|
Definition
| a) Capillaries increase the surface area for diffusion |
|
|
Term
If you repeatedly arrive late at one of your classes and your professor embarrasses you by pointing out your tardiness, what type of response is he or she trying to establish?
a) Cognitive learning
b) Social conditioning
c) Classical conditioning
d) Habituation
e) None of these |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following would NOT be an example of communication?
a) primates grooming one another to establish bonds
b) birds using elaborate songs to attract mates
c) bats using sonar to find prey
d) scent trails used by ants to recruit workers to help bring prey to a nest
e) None of these |
|
Definition
| c) bats using sonar to find prey |
|
|
Term
Which is most likely exhibits more complex behavior: an opposum with a brain mass of 5 g and body mass of 1 kg or a bat with a brain mass of 1 g and body mass of 20 g?
a) The opposum because it has a larger brain.
b) The bat because it has a greater body mass to brain mass ratio.
c) The opposum because it has a greater brain mass to body mass ratio.
d) The bat because it has a greater brain mass to body mass ratio.
e) The opposum because it has a greater body mass to brain mass ratio |
|
Definition
| d) The bat because it has a greater brain mass to body mass ratio |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is NOT true about the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system?
a) It is involved in stimulating digestion.
b) It is involved in stimulating the urinary bladder to contract.
c) It is involved in constricting airways.
d) It is involved in increasing the activity of small intestines to promote absorption of nutrients.
e) It is involved in increasing the heartbeat |
|
Definition
| e) It is involved in increasing the heartbeat |
|
|
Term
Which ion is important in the regulation of muscle contraction?
a) K+
b) Na+
c) NH3-
d) PO42−
e) None of these |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Fast muscle fibers have ______ than slow muscle fibers.
a) greater maximal ATP production.
b) faster ATP production.
c) lower ATPase activity.
d) greater maximal force
e) none of these |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which two groups have guts that are most similar?
a) scavengers and herbivores
b) omnivores and herbivores
c) herbivores and carnivores
d) omnivores and carnivores
e) None of these |
|
Definition
| d) omnivores and carnivores |
|
|
Term
What are essential nutrients?
a) nutrients that are abundant in what we eat but are not required
b) required nutrients that cannot be synthesized by our cells
c) required nutrients that we cannot obtain by eating only plants
d) required nutrients that can be synthesized by our cells
e) amino acids that cannot by synthesized |
|
Definition
| b) required nutrients that cannot be synthesized by our cells |
|
|
Term
Which is an advantage of endothermy over ectothermy?
a) Endotherms can consume lower amounts of food.
b) Endotherms do not require as much water.
c) Chemical reactions in the body generally are at optimal levels.
d) Endotherms have a lower risk of overheating.
e) None of these |
|
Definition
| c) Chemical reactions in the body generally are at optimal levels. |
|
|
Term
Which of the following hormones can help to increase blood glucose during the postabsorptive state?
a) insulin
b) glucagon
c) ketone
d) norepinephrine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is NOT a way blood glucose levels can be maintained during the postabsorptive state?
a) through glucose sparing
b) through glycogenolysis
c) by converting amino acids to glucose
d) by converting nucleic acids to glucose |
|
Definition
| d) by converting nucleic acids to glucose |
|
|
Term
The ______ establishes and maintains the membrane potential using ATP
a) Ca2+/K+ pump
b) Ca2-/K+ pump
c) Ca2+/K- pump
d) Na-/K+ pump
e) Na+/K+ pump |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The area between the terminal part of the axon and the next dendrite is called the ______
a) Neuron
b) Cell body
c) Brain
d) Synapse
e) Neutral zone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The cells that conduct an action potential from one part of the body to another are called
a) Neurons
b) Cell bodies
c) Brains
d) Synapses
e) Neutral zones |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Chemicals that carry the message across the synapse are called
a) Messenger chemicals
b) Synapsetransmitters
c) Neurotransmitters
d) Electrical pulses
e) Neurotoxins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Why do elephants eat so much?
a) They are large
b) They eat low quality food
c) They have high mass specific metabolic rates
d) a and b are correct
e) a, b and c are correct |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Homeostatic mechanisms are best defined as:
a) Neutral feedback mechanisms
b) Positive feedback mechanisms
c) Negative feedback mechanisms
d) Mechanisms that maintain conditions in an animals body within a range in which the animal’s
metabolic processes can occur
e) Stabilizing mechanisms |
|
Definition
d) Mechanisms that maintain conditions in an animals body within a range in which the animal’s
metabolic processes can occur |
|
|
Term
Why is diffusion alone not sufficient for circulation of gases in a large animal?
a) Surface area to volume ratio becomes too small
b) Large surfaces are porous
c) Large surfaces are thick
d) Too many cells
e) All of these |
|
Definition
| a) Surface area to volume ratio becomes too small |
|
|
Term
For which of the following animals would the percent of its energy budget spent for homeostatic regulation be the largest
a) An amoeba in fresh water
b) A marine jellyfish
c) A snake in a temperate forest
d) A desert insect
e) A desert bird |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
An efferent neuron carries the signals indicating a response ______ from the interneuron networks to the effectors, while an afferent neuron transmits stimuli collected by a sensory receptor ______ a interneuron.
a) away, toward
b) toward, away
c) toward or away, toward
d) away, toward or away
e) none of these |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Too much iron in your diet can lead to
a) Suffocation
b) Too much oxygen in your blood
c) Anemia
d) Bacterial infections in stomach
e) All of these |
|
Definition
| d) Bacterial infections in stomach |
|
|
Term
One of the reasons it may be hard to stay on a diet is:
a) The hormone insulin suppresses appetite
b) The hormone ghrelin triggers feelings of hunger – making it hard to not eat
c) T.V. commercials for food result in glucagon production, resulting in a physiological signal to eat
sugar
d) Food is a narcotic |
|
Definition
| b) The hormone ghrelin triggers feelings of hunger – making it hard to not eat |
|
|
Term
What is the average Q10 of a biological reaction?
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
e) 5 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Sugars and proteins can be processed in cellular structures called _______ in the process called _______
a) tissues, cellular respiration
b) tissues, cellular depression
c) neurons, nervous system signaling
d) mitochondria, cellular respiration
e) cell bodies, digestion |
|
Definition
| d) mitochondria, cellular respiration |
|
|
Term
What are two ways to lower your blood glucose?
a) Take insulin and exercise
b) Eat food and take insulin
c) Exercise and eat food
d) Sleep and rest
e) Drink alcohol and eat fatty food |
|
Definition
| a) Take insulin and exercise |
|
|
Term
Which of the following has the highest mass specific metabolic rate?
a) Mouse
b) Human
c) Elephant
d) Republicans
e) Democrats |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A deficiency in iron results in:
a) High CO2 binding by hemoglobin
b) Anemia
c) Blindness
d) An inability to drink beer
e) A high correlation between Fe concentration in food and absorption |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which have longer alimentary canals and why?
a) Animals, because there food is rich in protein
b) Herbivores, because there food is poor in protein
c) Insects, because they are small
d) Humans, because there brain is so large
e) Aliens, they eat alien food |
|
Definition
| b) Herbivores, because there food is poor in protein |
|
|
Term
When the level of glucose in the blood rises above a certain set point, which of the following occurs:
a) A positive feedback loop that results in the lowering of glucose levels in the blood
b) The pancreas secretes insulin, which results in a drop in blood glucose levels
c) The liver secretes insulin, which results in a drop in blood glucose levels
d) The pancreas secretes glucagon, which results in a drop in blood glucose levels
e) All of these |
|
Definition
| b) The pancreas secretes insulin, which results in a drop in blood glucose levels |
|
|
Term
A physiological consequence of evolution in Naked Mole Rats is that:
a) They are predators of the common Mole Rat
b) They shed their hair
c) They have lost the ability to thermoregulate metabolically
d) They are nudists
e) They have lost mitochondria |
|
Definition
| c) They have lost the ability to thermoregulate metabolically |
|
|
Term
) Which of the following is not an avenue of heat exchange in endotherms due to their ability to thermoregulate?
a) Evaporation
b) Radiation
c) Convections
d) Conduction
e) All of the above are avenues for heat exchange |
|
Definition
| e) All of the above are avenues for heat exchange |
|
|
Term
) Insulin causes cells in liver and skeletal muscle to synthesize:
a) Leptin
b) Glycogen
c) Triglycerides
d) Glucagon
e) All of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is an important distinction between the measurement of basal metabolic rate (BMR) and standard metabolic rate (SMR)?
a) An animal must be fasting for the measurement of SMR
b) The BMR for a particular animal is usually lower than that animal's SMR
c) BMRs are performed only on ectothermic animals
d) An organism must be actively exercising for the measurement of BMR
e) SMRs must be determined at a specific temperature |
|
Definition
| e) SMRs must be determined at a specific temperature |
|
|
Term
When an animal is subjected to starvation, the energy reserves of the body are depleted in what order (stored body energy reserves vs. weeks of starvation)
a) Carbohydrates, Protein, Fat
b) Carbohydrates, Fat, Protein
c) Protein, Carbohydrates, Fat
d) Cotton candy, Potato chips, beer
e) Fat, Carbohydrates, Protein |
|
Definition
| b) Carbohydrates, Fat, Protein |
|
|
Term
The basal metabolic rate is:
a) The metabolic rate of plants
b) The maximum metabolic rate of endotherms
c) The resting, fasting, no stress metabolic rate of endotherms
d) The resting, fasting, no stress metabolic rate of ectotherms
e) The maximum metabolic rate of ectotherms |
|
Definition
| c) The resting, fasting, no stress metabolic rate of endotherms |
|
|
Term
Consider an ectotherm and an endotherm of equal body size. The ectotherm is more likely to survive an extended period of food deprivation than the endotherm because:
a) The ectotherm is sustained by a higher basal metabolic rate.
b) The ectotherm will invest little to no energy in temperature regulation.
c) The ectotherm will expend less energy/kg body weight than the endotherm.
d) Assuming equal size, the ectotherm and the endotherm will have the same energy
expenditures.
e) Both b and c are correct |
|
Definition
| e) Both b and c are correct |
|
|
Term
Metabolic rates in______ increase as environmental temperature increases, while metabolic rates in ________ generally stay constant or decrease as environmental temperatures increase
a) ectotherms, endotherms
b) endotherms, ectotherms
c) lizards, frogs
d) mammals, lizards
e) b and d are both correct |
|
Definition
| a) ectotherms, endotherms |
|
|
Term
It has recently been reported that calcium in early life may prevent
a) Premature bone breakage
b) Calcium deficiency
c) Homeostasis
d) Obesity
e) Positive feedback |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Both too much insulin or too little food result in:
a) Hyperglycemia (high blood sugar)
b) Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar)
c) Type I diabetes
d) Both a and c
e) Both b and c |
|
Definition
| b) Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) |
|
|
Term
The perfect ambient temperature for a human nudist colony would be:
a) Body temperature
b) 98o F
c) 101oF
d) 82o F
e) The temperature at which pina colada’s do not separate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In an insulin drip experiment you artificially decrease blood sugar. Which of the following is observed?
a) Glucagon is released
b) Insulin is released
c) Sugar is released
d) Patients die |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Familiar beans like reds, whites and pintos are rich in iron, a nutrient essential for our health. But not all of the little legumes' treasure trove of iron is ______ —that is, available for our bodies to readily absorb.
a) methane rich
b) bioaccessible
c) bound by hemoglobin
d) edible
e) decomposable |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following measurements would be the least reliable indicator of an animal's metabolic rate?
a) the amount of carbon dioxide it expires
b) the amount of heat it generates
c) the amount of ATP produced within its cells
d) the amount of water it drinks
e) the amount of oxygen it inspires |
|
Definition
| d) the amount of water it drinks |
|
|
Term
) An increase in which of the following parameters is most important in the evolution of specialized exchange surfaces such as the linings of the lungs or intestines?
a) Volume of its component cells
b) Metabolic rate of its component cells
c) Thickness
d) Number of cell layers
e) Surface area |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The general functions of the nervous system include which of the following:
a) Integration
b) Motor Output
c) Sensory Output
d) b and c
e) a, b, and c |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
) The sodium-potassium pump of neurons pumps:
a) Na+ in the cell and K+ our of the cell
b) Na+ and K+ out of the cell
c) Na+ and K+ into the cell
d) Na+ out of the cell and K+ into cell |
|
Definition
| d) Na+ out of the cell and K+ into cell |
|
|
Term
Glucagon acts as and is described as a(n):
a) Storage hormone
b) Antagonistic hormone
c) Positive feedback hormone
d) Diabetes hormone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is a good explanation for why penguins waddle?
a) Legs are adapted for flying
b) Compensate for cost of energy required to walk with short legs
c) They have small brains
d) They evolved in cold climates and waddling produces more metabolic heat
e) They are really not birds |
|
Definition
| b) Compensate for cost of energy required to walk with short legs |
|
|
Term
) If the rate of glycogen hydrolysis in a frog is 1.9 times greater at 30° C than at 20° C, then the Q10 for that reaction is:
a) Much different than the Q10 for the same reaction in a human
b) Exactly the same as the Q10 for the same reaction in a human
c) 190
d) 2
e) 1.9 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
) You perform the following experiment. One group of students consumes 3 liters of pure water, a second group an equal amount of beer (yes, they have to be 21), and a third group an equal amount of concentrated salt solution that is hypertonic to their blood. You collect their urine for three hours. At the end of the measurement period, which group will have produced the greatest volume of urine and which group the least?
a) Beer the most, salt solution the least
b) Salt solution the most, water the least
c) Water the most, beer the least
d) Beer the most, water the least
e) There will be no significant difference between urine production among the groups |
|
Definition
| a) Beer the most, salt solution the least |
|
|
Term
Which of the following relationships between an animals nitrogenous wastes reflects phylogeny and habitat
a) Fish:Ammonia
b) Birds:Uric Acid
c) Mammals:Urea
d) All of the above are correct matches |
|
Definition
| d) All of the above are correct matches |
|
|
Term
Viruses typically gain entry into an animal's body through:
a) penetration of the skin and fecal contamination of food or water.
b) the respiratory tract and open wounds.
c) the respiratory tract and fecal contamination of food or water.
d) the bite of an infected host and fecal contamination of food or water |
|
Definition
| b) the respiratory tract and open wounds. |
|
|
Term
Any molecule that can trigger a specific immune response is called an
a) integer
b) antigen
c) antagonist
d) antibody
e) pathogen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The cells of the immune system that are responsible for acquired immunity are a type of leukocyte called a(n):
a) Leukocyte
b) Lymphocyte
c) Phagocyte
d) Antigens
e) Antibodies |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which type of lymphocyte secretes antibodies?
a) Plasma cells
b) B cells
c) T cells
d) Natural Killer cells
e) All of these |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which is correct regarding acquired immunity?
a) Acquired immunity only requires the presence of helper T cells to function properly.
b) Acquired immunity does not require exposure to a foreign substance.
c) Acquired immunity is triggered by contact with a particular antigen.
d) Acquired immunity includes inflammation.
e) All of the these are correct. |
|
Definition
| c) Acquired immunity is triggered by contact with a particular antigen |
|
|
Term
Fate mapping refers to:
a) Marking cells early in development (e.g., during cleavage) and then determining the
locations of those cells at later stages of development
b) The development of regions (e.g., epidermis, blastula) within an embryo
c) The use of transplantation experiments to determine the fate of grafted cells
d) Examining the fate of human twins that are separated at birth |
|
Definition
a) Marking cells early in development (e.g., during cleavage) and then determining the
locations of those cells at later stages of development |
|
|
Term
) If gastrulation did not occur:
a) Cleavage would not occur in the zygote
b) The embryonic germ layers would not form
c) The blastula would not be formed
d) The cortical reaction would not occur
e) All of the above would not occur |
|
Definition
| b) The embryonic germ layers would not form |
|
|
Term
During cleavage which of the following occurs?
a) Rearrangement of the blastula to form a three-layered embryo
b) The zygote is partitioned into many smaller cells
c) The neural tube is formed
d) The blastomore is formed
e) All of the above occur |
|
Definition
| b) The zygote is partitioned into many smaller cells |
|
|
Term
The difference between the concept of preformation and epigenesis is that in epigenesis:
a) The sperm or egg contains an embryo that is a performed, miniature version of the
organism
b) Development is the simply the enlargement of the embryo
c) The form of an animal emerges gradually (i.e., from a relatively formless egg)
d) A chimp blastula would look very different from a human blastula because
humans’ are very different genetically, morphologically and physiologically from
chimps’ – and this is evident by examining a blastula
e) Both c and d are correct |
|
Definition
| c) The form of an animal emerges gradually (i.e., from a relatively formless egg) |
|
|
Term
The germ plasma theory has been shown to be false because:
a) Separating cells in early cleavage results in two deformed animals
b) Cloning of sheep (using a mammary cell and enucleated egg) indicates it is false;
separating cells in early cleavage can result in two perfectly formed animals
c) A cloned sheep can end up being a bird, proving evolution
d) It is just a theory
e) All theories in biology are false |
|
Definition
| b) Cloning of sheep (using a mammary cell and enucleated egg) indicates it is false; separating cells in early cleavage can result in two perfectly formed animals |
|
|
Term
The primary reason steroid hormones usually act slowly is that:
a) They are produced at very low concentrations
b) Acting via a signal-transduction pathway makes for slower responses than does
directly interacting with a cell's DNA
c) They are too large to enter a cell and therefore must first bind to a plasma membrane
receptor before having an effect on a cell
d) Target cells tend to ignore steroid hormones in favor of nonsteroid hormones
e) They turn genes on or off and it takes time for gene products to build up or become depleted |
|
Definition
| e) They turn genes on or off and it takes time for gene products to build up or become depleted |
|
|
Term
Receptors for nonsteroid hormones are located in _____________.
a) the extracellular fluid
b) the cytoplasm
c) association with a cell's plasma membrane
d) the cytosol
e) the nucleus |
|
Definition
| c) association with a cell's plasma membrane |
|
|
Term
The acrosomal reaction is important because:
a) It determines sex
b) It is a slow block to polyspermy
c) It blocks cleavage
d) It determines cytoplasmic orientation
e) None of these |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Infertility in human females as they age is probably related to the fact that:
a) All of their eggs are formed from approximately 800 primordial cells which are mature by the age of 15.
b) All of their eggs are formed from approximately 40 primordial cells, which are made throughout their life
c) All of their eggs are formed from approximately 40 primordial cells, which they are born with
d) Male sperm are produced from primordial cells, which they are born with and are not able to fertilize eggs in women much past the age of 40. |
|
Definition
| c) All of their eggs are formed from approximately 40 primordial cells, which they are born with |
|
|
Term
There are five hormones regulating the human menstrual and ovarian cycles. Which of these structures secretes these hormones?
a) Hypothalamus and Prostate gland
b) Pituitary
c) Ovaries
d) Pituitary and ovaries
e) Hypothalamus, pituitary and ovaries |
|
Definition
| e) Hypothalamus, pituitary and ovaries |
|
|
Term
Why does a human baby need a full year before it can start walking, while a newborn foal gets up on its legs almost directly after birth?
a) More complex brain
b) Four legs make it easier to walk
c) Mothers teach them to walk
d) To avoid predation
e) Young from all species start walking at the same relative time point in brain development. |
|
Definition
| e) Young from all species start walking at the same relative time point in brain development |
|
|
Term
Fertilization of human eggs usually takes place in the _______, while implantation of the ________ occurs after ______ days
a) Ovary, Blastocyst, 10 days
b) Uterus, Blastocyst, 7 days
c) Oviduct, Gastrula, 7 days
d) Oviduct, Blastocyst, 7 days
e) Uterus, Gastrula, 10 days |
|
Definition
| d) Oviduct, Blastocyst, 7 days |
|
|
Term
Which of the following characterizes parthenogenesis?
a) An individual may change its sex during its lifetime
b) Specialized groups of cells may be released and grow into new individuals
c) An organism is first a male and then a female
d) An egg develops without being fertilized by a sperm
e) Both members of a mating pair have male and female reproductive organs |
|
Definition
| d) An egg develops without being fertilized by a sperm |
|
|
Term
How could a scientist determine that a hormone is controlling a physiological function?
a) Sever nerve connections between an organ and endocrine gland and determine if there
is still a response
b) Remove an endocrine gland from a number of individuals, inject the hormone into the
bloodstream of a subset of those who had the endocrine gland removed
c) Both a and b are reasonable approaches
d) Neither a or b are viable approaches |
|
Definition
| c) Both a and b are reasonable approaches |
|
|
Term
Both PTTH (prothoracicotropic hormone) in insects and GnRH (gonadotropic-releasing hormone) in humans are related in that:
a) Both are produced by the hypothalamus
b) Both have other endocrine glands as their targets
c) Both have other exocrine glands as their targets
d) Both a and b are correct
e) Both a and c are correct |
|
Definition
| b) Both have other endocrine glands as their targets |
|
|
Term
Which of the following endocrine glands produces the greatest number of hormones?
a) Thyroid gland
b) Pancreas
c) Gonads
d) Pituitary gland |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Whenever a female mates with more than one male -- and female promiscuity is more the _________in nature -- there are conflicts between the sexes over paternity, as well as competition between rival ejaculates to fertilize eggs. Such postcopulatory sexual selection is a powerful force for _________________.
a) rule than the exception; paternity
b) exception than the rule; paternity
c) immoral exception than rule; immoral behavior in humans
d) exception than the rule; evolutionary change
e) rule than the exception; evolutionary change |
|
Definition
| e) rule than the exception; evolutionary change |
|
|
Term
What do the females in over 100 insect species and the female Asian elephant have in common?
a) The ability to use their mates as energy sources
b) They all release the same exact pheromone signal
c) They all release the same exact hormone signals
d) The all have the same exact body mass to brain size ratio
e) They all have endoskeletons |
|
Definition
| b) They all release the same exact pheromone signal |
|
|
Term
One function of thyroid hormones is to:
a) control reproduction
b) control energy availability and expenditure
c) control molting
d) control cleavage
e) control the acrosomal reaction |
|
Definition
| b) control energy availability and expenditure |
|
|
Term
Which of the following represent the diversity in patterns of cleavage?
a) complete cleavage
b) complete cleavage, incomplete cleavage
c) complete cleavage, incomplete cleavage, superficial cleavage
d) sea urchin cleavage, human cleavage, chick cleavage
e) invertebrate cleavage, vertebrate cleavage |
|
Definition
| c) complete cleavage, incomplete cleavage, superficial cleavage |
|
|
Term
The cortical reaction is important because:
a) It determines sex
b) It is a fast block to polyspermy
c) It initiates protein synthesis
d) It is a slow block to polyspermy
e) both c and d |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A major difference between the human male and female reproductive tracts is the:
a) Temperature at which gamete production can successfully occur
b) Location of the gonads
c) Both a and b are correct answers
d) Neither a or b are correct answers |
|
Definition
| c) Both a and b are correct answers |
|
|
Term
What is the relationship between metabolic costs for males and females?
a) Production of female gametes is metabolically more expensive than production of male
gametes
b) Production of male gametes is metabolically more expensive than production of female gametes
c) Production of female gametes is metabolically equivalent to the production of male gametes |
|
Definition
| a) Production of female gametes is metabolically more expensive than production of male gametes |
|
|
Term
Which of the following statements about development is correct?
a) Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny
b) Developmental patterns are identical in all animals
c) There is no relationship between amounts of yolk and development
d) None of the above are correct |
|
Definition
| d) None of the above are correct |
|
|
Term
During neurulation and organogenesis which of the following is formed?
a) Blastula
b) Fertilization envelope
c) Neural tube and central nervous system
d) Body axes
e) Zone of no return |
|
Definition
| c) Neural tube and central nervous system |
|
|
Term
Hormones convey signals and result in responses that are:
a) Fast relative to nervous system signals and responses
b) Indistinguishable from nervous system signals and responses
c) Slower relative to nervous system signals and responses
d) Mediated through exocrine glands |
|
Definition
| c) Slower relative to nervous system signals and responses |
|
|
Term
Which of the following are correct about ADH (antidiuretic hormone)
a) It has an antagonistic function with oxytocin
b) It functions in maintaining blood osmolarity
c) It stops uterine contractions
d) It is functionally related to oxytocin |
|
Definition
| b) It functions in maintaining blood osmolarity |
|
|
Term
Hormonal control of calcium homeostasis in mammals is a function of:
a) Ca2+ stored in kidneys
b) A negative feedback system involving two antagonistic hormones, calcitonin and
parathyroid hormone
c) A negative feedback system involving two antagonistic hormones, insulin and
glucagon
d) A positive feedback system involving two antagonistic hormones, calcitonin and parathyroid hormone |
|
Definition
| b) A negative feedback system involving two antagonistic hormones, calcitonin and parathyroid hormone |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is not an accurate statement about hormones?
a) Hormones are chemical messengers that travel to target cells through the circulatory
system
b) Hormones often regulate homeostasis through antagonistic functions
c) Hormones of the same chemical class have the same exact function
d) Hormones are often regulated through feedback loops |
|
Definition
| c) Hormones of the same chemical class have the same exact function |
|
|
Term
Hormones are classified based on which of the following:
a) Three basic chemical families (peptide, amine, steroid)
b) Water soluble vs. lipid soluble
c) Receptor on surface of a target cell vs. intracellular receptors in a target cell
d) All the above are correct classifications of hormones |
|
Definition
| d) All the above are correct classifications of hormones |
|
|
Term
What is an advantage of asexual reproduction over sexual reproduction?
a) The limited number of offspring prevents overpopulation
b) It promotes adaptation
c) It allows animals to replace lost appendages
d) It promotes genetic variability
e) None of the above are advantages of asexual reproduction |
|
Definition
| e) None of the above are advantages of asexual reproduction |
|
|
Term
How are estrus cycles different than menstrual cycles?
a) Reproduction can occur many times per year in animals with estrus cycles
b) The length of estrus cycles averages 28 days
c) There are stronger effects of season and climate on menstrual cycles than estrus cycles
d) None of the above are correct |
|
Definition
| d) None of the above are correct |
|
|
Term
Which of the following relationships is accurate?
a) Species that produce many young generally expend a lot of energy caring for young
b) Species that produce many young generally expend very little energy caring for young
c) Species that produce very few young generally expend very little energy caring for
young
d) Species where fertilization takes place internally are always viviparous
e) Species where fertilization takes place externally are always viviparous |
|
Definition
| b) Species that produce many young generally expend very little energy caring for young |
|
|
Term
What is the benefit of excreting uric acid, and what is the cost?
a) Very little water lost; Costly energetically
b) Lots of water lost; Not costly energetically
c) Very little water lost; Relatively nontoxic
d) Tastes good; Smells bad |
|
Definition
| a) Very little water lost; Costly energetically |
|
|
Term
Secretion of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) from the __________ occurs in response to __________ and causes __________.
a) Thyroid gland ... low blood sugar ... kidney blood vessels to constrict b) Pituitary gland ... low blood osmolarity ... decreased permeability to water of the collecting duct of the kidney c) Adrenal gland ... high blood osmolarity ... increased permeability to water of the collecting duct of the kidney d) Pituitary gland ... high blood osmolarity ... increased permeability to water of the collecting duct of the kidney e) Adrenal gland ... low blood pressure ... increased water and solute reabsorption at the proximal tubule of the kidney |
|
Definition
| d) Pituitary gland ... high blood osmolarity ... increased permeability to water of the collecting duct of the kidney |
|
|
Term
Freshwater fish excrete a large amount of very dilute urine. What is the best explanation for this?
a) Because they live in a hypotonic solution, their cells take up an excess of water that must be excreted. b) Because they live in a hypotonic solution, their cells tend to accumulate a lot of solute that must be excreted. c) Because they live in a hypertonic solution, their cells take up an excess of water that must be excreted. d) Because they live in a hypertonic solution, their cells tend to accumulate a lot of solute that must be excreted e) Because animals must live in an isotonic solution, they excrete solutes to make the concentration of solutes in the water equal to the concentration of solutes in their cells |
|
Definition
| a) Because they live in a hypotonic solution, their cells take up an excess of water that must be excreted |
|
|
Term
Most of the nitrogen-containing waste products processed by the kidneys of college students are a result of?
a) Drug use
b) Consumption of foods high in nitrates, such as green vegetables
c) Protein metabolism
d) The body’s attempts to maintain pH homeostasis
e) The metabolism of fatty foods |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The origin of the word “vagina” is:
a) The shape of the letter “V”
b) A receptacle for swords
c) “Place where baby develops”
d) Hysteria |
|
Definition
| b) A receptacle for swords |
|
|
Term
The blood cells that can defend against infection and disease are the:
a) thrombocytes.
b) platelets
c) erythrocytes.
d) leukocytes.
e) none of these |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The part of blood containing solutes and water is called:
a) platelets
b) leukocytes
c) erythrocytes
d) thrombocytes
e) None of these |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Animals with the higher metabolic rates tend to have hemoglobins with lower oxygen affinity than animals with lower metabolic rates.
a) True
b) Fallse
c) Depends |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following conditions will favor unloading oxygen from hemoglobin?
a) low blood CO2
b) lowered blood temperature
c) low blood pH
d) high oxygen partial pressure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the main disadvantage of an amphibian heart compared to that of a mammal?
a) Some oxygen-rich blood returning from the skin mixes with blood returning from other body cells in the right atrium.
b) Interstitial fluid and blood are mixed in the body cavity.
c) Oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood are partially mixed in the ventricle.
d) Blood leaving the heart is under low pressure.
e) None of these. |
|
Definition
| c) Oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood are partially mixed in the ventricle. |
|
|
Term
_________ cells engulf bacteria, viruses or other invaders and put a marker from that invader, known as an ______, on a ______ that can bind to other immune cells.
a) Plasma, antibody, antigen
b) Dendritic, antigen, protein
c) Red blood, antigen, protein
d) none of these |
|
Definition
| b) Dendritic, antigen, protein |
|
|
Term
) Ecology is best defined as:
a) The study of the distribution and abundance of organisms, and how organisms interact with
and affect their environment
b) The negative effects of humans on other species
c) An environmental science
d) A goal oriented science that seeks to counter the current and rapid extinction of species
e) All of the above are accurate definitions of the science of ecology |
|
Definition
| a) The study of the distribution and abundance of organisms, and how organisms interact with and affect their environment |
|
|
Term
All of the following statements about ecology are correct except:
a) Ecologists may study populations and communities of organisms
b) Ecological studies may involve the use of mathematical models and theoretical models
c) Ecology is a discipline that is independent from natural selection, genetic drift, mutation, and in
general, evolutionary mechanisms
d) Ecology spans increasingly comprehensive levels of organization, from individuals to ecosystems
e) Ecology is the study of interactions between biotic and abiotic aspects of the environment |
|
Definition
| c) Ecology is a discipline that is independent from natural selection, genetic drift, mutation, and in general, evolutionary mechanisms |
|
|
Term
Studying how climate change affects carbon cycling in forests would be ______ ecology.
a) Population
b) Community
c) Organismal
d) Behavioral
e) Ecosystem |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Demography can BEST be described as the study of:
a) how births and deaths change population sizes over time.
b) interactions between organisms and their environment.
c) what factors affect population size and how these factors change over space and time.
d) how populations evolve over time |
|
Definition
| a) how births and deaths change population sizes over time. |
|
|
Term
Which of the following animals would MOST likely exhibit a Type III survivorship curve?
a) chimpanzees
b) cock roaches
c) crocodiles
d) robins
e) none of these |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
) A population growing exponentially:
a) has a J-shaped growth curve.
b) has a per capita growth rate that is greater than zero.
c) has reached carrying capacity.
d) has both a J-shaped growth curve and a per capita growth rate that is greater than zero. |
|
Definition
| d) has both a J-shaped growth curve and a per capita growth rate that is greater than zero |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is most likely to be a density-dependent factor?
a) a contagious viral disease
b) a severe flood
c) a wildfire
d) a destructive earthquake |
|
Definition
| a) a contagious viral disease |
|
|
Term
The ______ growth equation describes population growth when resources are limited.
a) density-independent
b) logistic
c) exponential
d) intrinsic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Why are there few examples of logistic growth observed in nature?
a) The per capita rate of growth declines as populations approach their carrying capacity.
b) The intrinsic rate of increase of a population is highly variable.
c) Most populations exhibit zero population growth.
d) The carrying capacity of populations often changes |
|
Definition
| d) The carrying capacity of populations often changes |
|
|
Term
The gradual change in species composition and community structure is:
a) succession.
b) disturbance.
c) facilitation.
d) tolerance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Organisms colonizing an area after a glacial retreat often have the ability to fix nitrogen gas and thereby add it to the soil. This is an example of:
a) augmentation.
b) facilitation.
c) inhibition.
d) tolerance. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What does "biodiversity crisis" refer to?
a) the inability of any given species to persist for longer than 4 million years in the fossil record
b) the increase in the human population over time
c) an extinction rate higher than the background extinction rate
d) an unsustainable increase in biodiversity |
|
Definition
| c) an extinction rate higher than the background extinction rate |
|
|
Term
An endemic species:
a) has only recently become extinct.
b) has a uniform global distribution.
c) is found only in a particular area.
d) will always be saved by targeting megadiversity countries. |
|
Definition
| c) is found only in a particular area. |
|
|
Term
Sea stars of the rocky intertidal zone of California prey on mussels and thereby prevent mussel populations from exploding and outcompeting other species. Sea stars would be an example of a(n):
a) keystone species.
b) flagship species.
c) ecosystem engineer.
d) umbrella species. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What do carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane, and chlorofluorocarbons have in common?
a) They are all greenhouse gases.
b) They are all human-made chemicals.
c) They have nothing in common.
d) Their levels all increase with deforestation. |
|
Definition
| a) They are all greenhouse gases |
|
|
Term
) What is the greenhouse effect?
a) atmospheric gases trapping long-wave radiation and radiating it back to Earth's surface.
b) atmospheric gases creating heat through molecular collisions that is transferred to Earth's surface.
c) atmospheric gases trapping short-wave radiation and radiating it back to Earth's surface.
d) atmospheric gases transferring short-wave radiation from the sun to Earth's surface. |
|
Definition
| a) atmospheric gases trapping long-wave radiation and radiating it back to Earth's surface. |
|
|
Term
Which two factors are used to classify the 10 terrestrial biomes described in your textbook?
a) available light and latitude
b) annual precipitation and average temperature
c) annual precipitation and available light
d) average temperature and elevation |
|
Definition
| b) annual precipitation and average temperature |
|
|
Term
The current human population is approximately
a) Too high
b) Too low
c) Just right
d) 700 million
e) 7 billion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
19) Which of the following ecosystems has the greatest percentage of the earth’s net primary productivity?
a) Texas
b) Open ocean
c) Tropical forest
d) Grassland
e) None of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The amount of land necessary for survival for each person in a sustainable world is known as
a) An ecological footprint
b) A population format
c) Random
d) A photosynthetic footprint
e) none of these |
|
Definition
| a) An ecological footprint |
|
|
Term
21) Population growth of reindeer on St. Matthew Island:
a) Fit the exponential growth model for 18 years
b) Was ultimately resource limited
c) Was not controlled by predators
d) Was ultimately unsustainable
e) All of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which type of survivorship curve best describes survivorship in humans?
a) Type I
b) Type II
c) Type III
d) Type A
e) Type B |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Primary productivity is a measure of:
a) Species diversity
b) Ecosystem diversity
c) Photosynthesis
d) Decomposition
e) Gross Domestic Product (GDP) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following levels of organization is arranged in the correct sequence from most to least inclusive?
a) Community, ecosystem, individual, population
b) Individual, community, population, ecosystem
c) Ecosystem, community, population, individual
d) Ecosystem, population, community, individual |
|
Definition
| c) Ecosystem, community, population, individual |
|
|
Term
Actual human population growth over the entire history of humanity is characteristic of which model of population growth?
a) Exponential model
b) Logistic model
c) Slow/Fast model
d) Economic model
e) The Texas model |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The number of mammal species in North America is generally greater:
a) On islands than on the mainland
b) In cold areas than warm areas
c) In southern latitudes than northern latitudes
d) In northern latitudes than southern latitudes
e) In the US than in Mexico |
|
Definition
| c) In southern latitudes than northern latitudes |
|
|
Term
Which of the following describes a trophic cascade?
a) Species that cause other species to become a member of a different trophic level
b) The extinction of one species directly or indirectly affects the distribution and abundance of another
species
c) Greater species richness of plants and animals in the southern U.S. than the northern U.S.
d) a and b are correct
e) a, b, and c are correct |
|
Definition
| b) The extinction of one species directly or indirectly affects the distribution and abundance of another species |
|
|
Term
Which of the following was shown in lecture to be a very good predictor of mammal species richness and a good predictor of tree species richness?
a) Temperature
b) Precipitation
c) Vegetation
d) Predator populations
e) Evapotranspiration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Carrying capacity (K) is bested defined as:
a) The number of births minus the number of deaths in a population
b) The age structure of a population
c) Number of barnacles per square meter
d) The minimum population of a given organism that can be sustained in a given area
e) The maximum population of a given organism that a particular environment can sustain |
|
Definition
| e) The maximum population of a given organism that a particular environment can sustain |
|
|
Term
30) The growth rate of Reindeer on St. Andrews Island after 18 years was approximately _________, but ultimately after 42 years was only ________.
a) 10%, 2%
b) 2%, 1%
c) 1,143%, 2%
d) 6000%,42% |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is/are true about a survivorship curve?
a) It is a plot of the numbers of individuals of a species or population still alive as a percentage of the
maximum life span of the organism
b) It is a graphic way of representing some of the data that are contained in a life table
c) Many arthropods and annual plants have a Type I curve, which reflects high death rates (low
survivorship) during early life
d) a and b are correct
e) a, b, and c are correct |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following ecosystem has the highest primary productivity per square meter?
a) Salt marsh
b) Open ocean
c) Desert
d) Grassland
e) Tropical rainforest |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The major characteristic(s) of a population that need(s) to be understood to predict population growth is/are?
a) Population size
b) Births and deaths
c) Age structure within a population
d) a and b indicate major characteristics of populations that need to be understood
e) a, b, and c indicate major characteristics of populations that need to be understood |
|
Definition
| e) a, b, and c indicate major characteristics of populations that need to be understood |
|
|
Term
Determining the size of a population is generally provided by:
a) Counting every individual in a population (i.e., counting)
b) Asking every individual in a population if they exist
c) Sampling a small proportion of the population and extrapolating (i.e., estimation)
d) Voting
e) Marking every individual in a population and censusing the population for four generations |
|
Definition
| c) Sampling a small proportion of the population and extrapolating (i.e., estimation) |
|
|
Term
How many trophic levels are generally found in a food chain?
a) 0-1
b) 1-2
c) 3-5
d) 8-10
e) 10-15 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A food web is best defined as:
a) The niche of a species
b) The species that compete with each other in a community
c) Interconnected feeding relationships in an ecosystem
d) A trophic pyramid
e) A trophic cascade |
|
Definition
| c) Interconnected feeding relationships in an ecosystem |
|
|
Term
Divergence in morphology that is a result of competition is termed
a) Competitive exclusion
b) Character displacement
c) Mutualism
d) Resource partitioning
e) Evolution by acquired characteristics |
|
Definition
| b) Character displacement |
|
|
Term
According to the competitive exclusion hypothesis,
a) two species with the same niche cannot coexist.
b) two species that use the exact same resource show very little competition.
c) one species that competes with several different species for resources will be excluded from the community.
d) all competition between species results in the extinction of at least one of the species.
e) none of the above is correct. |
|
Definition
| a) two species with the same niche cannot coexist. |
|
|
Term
Community change occurring after clearing a forest is:
a) Primary succession
b) Secondary succession
c) Tertiary succession
d) Progress
e) Regress |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following keep populations from growing exponentially forever?
a) Competition
b) Abiotic (environmental) events
c) Predation
d) Density independent variables
e) All of the above keep populations from growing exponentially over long periods of time |
|
Definition
| e) All of the above keep populations from growing exponentially over long periods of time |
|
|
Term
Song sparrow populations are regulated in part by severity of weather. This regulation is:
a) Density independent
b) Density neutral
c) Density dependent
d) High
e) Low |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
When researchers at Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest deforested a catchment, they found that export of key nutrients in stream water _________.
a) increased
b) decreased
c) stayed the same
d) made babies sick
e) both a and d |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
An environmental variable (force) that results in primary succession includes which of the following:
a) Fire
b) Glaciers
c) Volcanic eruptions
d) Presidential elections
e) Both b and c |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Increasing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere the past 100 years is directly linked to which of the following:
a) Human activities
b) Natural changes in carbon escape from the ocean floor
c) Volcanic activity
d) Succession
e) All of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Why does the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere fluctuate seasonally?
a) Differences in automobile use in winter and summer
b) Photosynthesis: Differences in land masses between northern and southern hemisphere
c) Volcanic activity
d) Climate change
e) Global warming |
|
Definition
| b) Photosynthesis: Differences in land masses between northern and southern hemisphere |
|
|
Term
Fish often contain harmful levels of mercury because they generally occupy the highest trophic levels in aquatic ecosystems. The concentration of mercury in fish would be an example of:
a) trophic concentration
b) metabolic concentration
c) biomagnification
d) trophic pyramid
e) energy pyramid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In which ecosystem would you be most likely to observe an inverted pyramid of biomass?
a) wetland
b) marine
c) lake
d) forest
e) tent |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following statements about succession is correct?
a) Secondary succession occurs where no soils exist
b) Primary succession occurs in areas where soil remains after disturbance
c) Secondary succession can occur where a disturbance has left soil intact
d) Some cases of succession involve trophic cascades, a phenomena in which species inhibit the
growth of “newcomers”
e) Succession determines whether carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas |
|
Definition
| c) Secondary succession can occur where a disturbance has left soil intact |
|
|
Term
An environmental variable (force) that results in secondary succession includes which of the following:
a) Fire
b) Glaciers
c) Volcanic eruptions
d) Both b and c |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The American beaver creates large dams across streams, and the resultant lakes provide habitats for a great diversity of species. The beaver is considered a(n):
a) Keystone species
b) Eager species
c) Flagship species
d) Tent species
e) Indicator species |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
51) Competition between two species reduces:
a) The carrying capacity of only one of the species
b) The carrying capacity of both species
c) The carrying capacity of both species equally
d) The carrying capacity of all species in the world
e) b and c |
|
Definition
| b) The carrying capacity of both species |
|
|
Term
Approximately what percent of the energy in one trophic level is transferred to the next trophic level?
a) 10%
b) 50%
c) 90%
d) 120%
e) 190% |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The major transformations and movement of carbon through an ecosystem, excluding human activities, are a result of:
a) Photosynthesis
b) Respiration
c) Photosynthesis and respiration
d) Primary consumers
e) Soil mircrobes |
|
Definition
| c) Photosynthesis and respiration |
|
|
Term
The direct source of energy for herbivores is:
a) Primary producers
b) Primary consumers
c) Red algae
d) Secondary producers
e) All of the above are energy sources for herbivores |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is true of the carrying capacity (K)?
a) When N = K, the birth rate in a population is zero.
b) The rate of population growth in an unlimited environment is proportional to K.
c) K is always determined by the amount of food in an environment.
d) In a population at its K, the birth rate equals the death rate.
e) None of the above |
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Definition
| d) In a population at its K, the birth rate equals the death rate. |
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Term
Food webs illustrate _________ in a community
a) ecosystem services
b) trophic cascades
c) trophic interactions
d) all of these
e) none of these |
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Definition
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