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| Central Dogma of Molecular Biology |
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Definition
| DNA |
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RNA |
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Protein |
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Translation |
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Transcription |
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Definition
| The breakdown of organic molecules (glucose) to CO2 and H2O |
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| Gain of oxygen or loss of hydrogen or electrons. |
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Definition
| Loss of oxygen, or gain of hydrogen or electrons. |
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| Equation for Cellular Respiration |
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Definition
| C6H12O6 + 6O2 -----> 6CO2 + 6H2O |
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| 3 Steps of Aerobic Cellular Respiration |
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Definition
1) Glycolysis
2) Krebs (Citric Acid) Cycle
3) Electron Transport Chain |
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| The use of an electron to create a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane that supplies the energy for ATP synthesis. |
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| Formula for Photosynthesis |
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Definition
| 6H2O + 6CO2 --> C6H12O6 + 6O2
OR
12H2O + 6CO2 --> Glucose + 6O2 + 6H2 |
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Definition
| Positively charged protein that DNA wraps around. |
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Definition
| DNA wrapped around a group of 8 histones. |
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Term
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Definition
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase |
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Definition
| Chromatin condense into chromosomes, spindle microtubules form and attach to centromeres, and nuclear envelope breaks down. |
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Definition
| Chromosomes line up at the equator. |
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Definition
| Sister chromatids separate completely and move toward opposite poles. |
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Definition
| Two daughter nuclei form, cytokinesis cuts cells apart. |
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Definition
G1 --> S --> G2 --> Mitosis
Interphase=90%, Mitosis=10% |
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Definition
| Uncontrolled mitosis, disease of the cell cycle. Can form a tumor and spread to other parts of the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| Spreading of cancer from one part of body to another. |
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Definition
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Definition
| An agent that may cause cancer. |
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Definition
| An agent that causes mutations. |
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Definition
| Nuclear division process that results in the reduction of chromosome number from diploid to haploid. |
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Definition
| Carries gene for Huntington's |
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| A pair of duplicated chromosomes. |
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Definition
| Double stranded linear piece of DNA. |
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Definition
| Homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange segments. |
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Definition
| Pairs of homologous chromosomes line up. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pairs of homologous chromosomes split up. |
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Term
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Definition
| Two haploid cells form; chromosomes are doubled. |
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Term
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Definition
| Essentially the same processes as mitosis. During another round of cell division, the sister chromatids finally separate; four haploid daughter cells result, containing single chromosomes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs in Prophase I between non-sister chromatid. |
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Term
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Definition
| Failure of chromosomes to separate in Anaphase I or II. Results in gametes w/abnormal number of chromosomes. |
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Definition
| Due to an extra chromosome 21; usually occurs in the mother. |
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| Product Law of Probability |
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Definition
| The probability of the simultaneous occurence of two independent events equals the product of the individual probabilities. |
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Definition
| A type of inheritance in which the phenotype of a heterozygote is intermediate between the phenotypes of the two types of homozygotes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Heterozygote is mixture of the two homozygotes. |
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| The impact of a single gene on more than one characteristic. |
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Definition
| A trait or characteristic is determined by several pairs of genes. |
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Definition
| A molecule that is recognized as foreign by a vertebrate animal and elicits antibody productions. |
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Definition
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| Semiconservative Replication |
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Definition
| Each new DNA molecule consists of one old strand and one new strand. |
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Definition
| Occurs in S phase of interphase. |
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Term
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Definition
| RNA polymerase is key enzyme, occurs in the nucleus. |
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Term
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Definition
| A sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or polypeptide termination sequence (stop codon). |
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| Three Phases of Translation |
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Definition
1) Initiation
2) Elongation
3) Termination |
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Term
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Definition
| One nucleotide changed for another. |
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Definition
| Type of point mutation. Change in DNA that results in a different amino acid. |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of point mutation. Change in DNA base that results in the same amino acid. |
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Term
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Definition
| Change in DNA base that results in codon for amino acid changing to a stop codon. |
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Term
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Definition
| Insertion or deletion of a base. |
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Definition
| Acellular infectious agents that consist of nucleic acid surrounded by protein coat (capsid). |
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Definition
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Definition
| Cause lysis of the host bacterial cell. |
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Definition
| Sometimes causes lysis, but usually injects DNA. Phage DNA is then inserted into host DNA. |
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Term
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Definition
| Infectious protein particles. |
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