cell

the

basic unit of life

Levels of Organization

Organismal Level

Levels of Organization

population

community

ecosystem

Emergent properties

new properties

present at one level that are not seen in

the previous level

Charles Darwin

Served as naturalist on mapping expedition

around coastal South America.

Used many observations to develop his

ideas

Proposed that evolution occurs by

individuals with

superior physical or behavioral

characteristics are more likely to

survive and reproduce than those

without such characteristics

Voyage of the

Beagle

Charles Darwin trip around the world

evolution

modification of a species over

generations

-“descent with modification

1) Species produce more offspring than

the environment can support

2) Organisms compete, some lose

3) Organisms most suited to their

environment are those that survive

4) Those most suitable are those

Darwin’s Evidence??

Similarity of related species

- Darwin noticed variations in related

species living in different locations

Plants are

for:

food (!), medicines, spices, clothing,

building materials, chemicals, etc

• Plants are

for:

food (!), medicines, spices, clothing,

building materials, chemicals, etc.

and most

organisms on the planet

• Plants are

interesting

beautiful

Fitness

genetic contribution of an individual’s descendents to future generations

Beer

Beer

Whiskey

From corn

(also barley, rye,

other grains

Rum

From

sugar cane

Sake

From

rice

Tequila

From

agave

Vodka

From

potatoes

(also grains

Gin

From

juniper

“berries

Taxus brevifolia

bark contains taxol

which is used to

treat breast

cancer

Climate Change causes ??

Climate change is caused by a build up of

).

• Humans have increased the atmospheric

by burning fossil fuels.

• Humans have decreased CO

removal from the

The more co2

is removed from

the atmosphere, the .........the earth will become.

The more we reduce forests

and other plant growth the.......... the earth will become

Largest Living Thing???

The world’s largest clone is an stand of aspen containing

47,000 individual stems

Transpiration

the

loss of water via stomata

Mistletoes

are tree parasites. thier seed is jet propelled from one tree to another

Angiosperms

Angiosperms are flowering plants!

  -Highly specialized plants that are the   most recently evolved

  -Highly diversified plants (about 255,000

  species)

  -Kinda funky plants that have many   different structures and pollinators

Eudicots

Monocots

about 65,000 species)

  -Grasses, lilies, palms, irises, others

  -Some rely on wind for pollination

(about 175,000 species)

  -Trees, shrubs, snapdragons, peas, other

  -Use flowers to attract insect pollinators

Note: Self-pollination may also occur

The number of complete sets of

  chromosomes in a cell

Chromosomes are

separated into two identical

sets.

Creates two diploid cells.

Results in “photocopied”

cells.

what are the 2 generations in plants

and what divins do each undergo??

gametophyte and sporophyte

parts are called “superior

flowers whoes overies are inferior to the other floral parts 

parts are called “inferior

bilaterally symmetrical or

radially symmetrical

white, or pale in color

They also tend to be heavily scented

red color

Usually inconspicuous to insects

1. Separation of male and female structures in space

   2. Separation of male and female structures in time

    3. Self-incompatibility

A vascular plant

consists of systems ??

Basic plant cell

involved in support, storage, synthesis, secretion

Tough, thick walls filled with lignin. 

Includes fibers and sclerids (stone cells)

ground tissue

parencyma, sclenrchyma, etc

Strands of cytoplasm connecting the protoplasts of two contiguous plant cells.

Morphogenesis

1. They maintain dormancy under unfavorable conditions

  2. They protect the young plant when it is most vulnerable

  3. They provide food for the embryo until it can produce its own food

  4. They facilitate dispersal of the embryo

A thin band of suberin- or lignin-like deposition in the radial and transverse walls of certain plant cells during the primary development phase of the endodermis.

Leaves are arranged in one of three ways

alternate

opposite

whorled

Internal Stem Structure

anaerobic

Putrefaction

(food spoilage)

Decomposition of organic matter, especially protein, by microorganisms, resulting in production of foul-smelling matter

Why study Microbiology?

1. The basic science of understanding life

2.The application of science to human needs

The Importance of Microorganisms in human life

- Microorganisms can be both beneficial and harmful to humans.

- Emphasis typically on harmful microorganisms (infectious disease agents,

or pathogens).

- But many more microorganisms in nature are beneficial than are harmful.

- Microbes affect many aspects of our lives,

1. as Disease Agents

2. as Geochemical Agents (Agriculture)

3. in Food Industry

4. in Energy and Environmental Industry

5. in Biotechnology (as genetic resources)

The Importance of Microorganisms in

Food Industry

Putrefaction

Fermentation

Bioremediation

Cleaning up pollutants by microbes

Deinococcus radiodurans

- The world's toughest bacterium in "The Guinness Book of World Records"

because of its extraordinary resistance to several extreme conditions such as

heat, cold, dehydration, vacuum, and acid.

- And extremely resistant to radioactivity

The Importance of Microorganisms in

Biotechnology

manufacturing of pharmaceuticals d. insulin

Microbiology as a Career

Robert Hooke

the first person to     

Micrographia

” in 1665.

 first discovered microorganisms and described them in a book called Micrographia

Antony van Leeuwenhoek

the first person to

observe bacteria

Antony van Leeuwenhoek

 oberveed this small creatures and named them?

wee animalcules

Ferdinand J. Cohn

Ferdinand J. Cohn

was a botanist who founded the science of Bacteriology

(the study of Bacteria).

*he published an early classification of bacteria, using the genus name

Louis Pasteur

a French chemist who made major

contributions to chemistry and to microbiology

Developed vaccines : anthrax, cholera, rabies

demonstrated that the fermentation process is caused by the growth of

showed that some microorganisms contaminated fermenting beverage and he invented a process (“

pasteurization”) in which liquids such as milk were heated to

k

sterilizationill most bacteria and molds already present within them. (vs.

)

John Needham’s experiment

the idea of spontaneous generation took hold in scientific

communities

swan-neck

experiment  purpose??

Pasteur proving that microorganisms were present in the air

Robert Koch

was the first to prove that microbes cause disease (

The Germ Theory of Disease

He won the Nobel Prize for his work (1905) on tuberculosis which at that time

killed 1 out of every 7 people in the world.

Robert Koch

Acid-Fast stain made by

Robert Koch

One of the most important discoveries in

solid nutritional medium for isolating pure cultures

Robert Koch

pure cultures

Koch's postulates

Martinus Beijerinck

Enrichment culture

discovered

viruses (Tobacco Mosaic Virus) as "soluble"

living microbes.

Isolated the first pure cultures of aerobic nitorgen-fixing,

sulfate-reducing and sulfur-oxidizing bacteria,

green algae…

Enrichment culture

Sergei Winogradsky

- Did work similar to Beijernick but isolated Soil nitrogen-fixing bacterium

.

Chemolithotrophy

Medical Microbiology

Koch’s

Agricultural Microbiology

developed from

Beijerinck and Winogradsky

Aquatic Microbiology

Soil Microbiology

Microbial Ecology

1960s-70s

Microbial Systematics

he science of grouping and classifying

microorganisms

Microbial Physiology

Study of the nutrients that microbes require for

metabolism and growth and the products that they generate

Microbial Cytology

Study of cellular structure

Microbial Biochemistry

Study of microbial enzymes and chemical reactions

Bacterial Genetics

Study of heredity and variation in bacteria

Virology

Study of viruses

Phylogeny

Carl Woese

first used ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) sequences as a

tool for constructing phylogenetic relationships which can be

visualized on a phylogenetic tree.

Comparative rRNA sequencing

has defined three distinct

domains

Bacteria

endosymbiosis

symbiogenesis

what did lynn Lynn Margulis propose

Mitochondria and chloroplasts are ancestors of specific lineages

(endosymbiosis, symbiogenesis

3 Evidence for endosymbiosis

- Comparative rRNA sequencing.

- Similarity in genome sequence.

- Genomes are circular DNA.

Genomes

Basic Characteristics

(Principles) of Life

Functionality:

3. Sustainability:

cell is thus an

take up nutrients from the environment,

Anabolism

Catabolism

Eukarya

extremophiles

Microorganisms belonging to the domains Bacteria and Archaea that can live and thrive in environments with extreme conditions such as high or low temperatures and pH levels, high salt concentrations, and high pressure.

Bacteria

nucleoid

plasmids

book The Selfish Gene is by

Richard Dawkins

3 xtics of Eukaryotes

- Have a

and other membrane bound organelles.

- DNA is generally in the form of

(usually in pairs or

even in multiple copies).

(>2)

Major Eukaryotic microbes

Fungi

Algae       plants

3 Cellular Microbes xtics

- Composed of cells - often single cell.

- Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

DNA

Noncellular

-

Bacteria don

’t have species was said by who

Margulis

who just They just

pick up genes, and

throw away genes

bacteria

Five Kingdoms of Life

BACTERIA (2 subkingdoms)

*ARCHAEA

*EUBACTERIA

PROTOCTISTA

ANIMALIA

FUNGI

PLANTAE

Viruses

vs viroids

Virus

Virus

Phototrophs

Energy

where to get (ATP) from

Autotrophs

Heterotrophs

Eukaryotic microorganisms are collectively known

Eukaryotic microorganisms are collectively known

Nucleic Acids

chains of

phosphodiester bond

Proteins

chains of

peptide bond

Lipids

Polysaccharides

 chains of sugars connected by a glycosidic bond

DNA - stands for

RNA - stands for

Cohesiveness

Each water molecule can bind up to four other water molecules by H-bond

The major elements in earth crust are

O > Si > Al > Fe

Carbon

tetrahedral covalent bond

: variety by linear, branched or cyclic backbone

The major elements in life

Oxygen

-

(next to F and Cl) so that electron transfer to

O

can be used as energy yielding process

Nitrogen

- as quaternary N, acts as an intermediate to

temporarily store the excess

Phosphorus & Sulfur

- their bonds are unstable in water and needs lots of energy when forming

bonds with these.

since their hydrolysis releases high energy (ATP,

Chemical Bonds are formed when the ???

total energy of the combination

has lower energy than the separated atoms.

4 Chemical Interactions

Electrostatic interactions

Why these non-covalent interactions are important in living systems?

1. Rapid biochemical reactions in cells (eg, enzyme-substrate)

2. Provide specific conformation for macromolecules (DNA, proteins…)

3. Stabilize molecular shape

4. Self-assembly

5. Cell-cell recognition and more.

electrostatic interactions

Microtubules are composed

of two similar proteins??

α

-

(in blue) and β-

β

β

(in pink)

One of the

forces holding the two

proteins are

van der Waals

.

The major Functions of the cytoplasmic membrane

*barrier to the cells contols nutrients moving in and out.

* helps in the trsport of protien

*conservation energy

Noninformational Macromolecules

Polysaccharides

Informational Macromolecules

Nucleic acids (DNA & RNA)

Polysaccharides are polymers of

monosaccharides (simple sugars)

monosaccharides are bonded together by what bond

glycosidic bonds

 functions of

Polysaccharides

Play important roles in

Pentoses

(C

sugars): structural backbones of nucleic acids

Hexoses

(C

Glycosidic Bond

Covalent bonds linking sugars together in a polysaccharide

5  Types of carbohydrates

Monosaccharide: Glucose, Fructose…

- Disaccharide: Sucrose (Glu + Fru)…

- Trisaccharide

- Oligosaccharide

- Polysaccharides: starch, cellulose