Term
| Outcomes of meiosis vs mitosis (types of cells) |
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Definition
| the outcome of meiosis is four (genetically unique) haploid (1N) cells, compared with the two (genetically identical) diploid (2N) cells produced from mitosis |
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Term
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Definition
| process that occurs before meiosis, 3 stages: gap one where proteins are made, organelles are copied and proteins replicated, cell growth (checkpoint- controlled by gatekeeper genes, w/o appropriate signal, cell goes into gap 0), synthesis is where the DNA replicates, and gap 2; same as mitosis, make more cytoplasm |
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Definition
goal is to half the # of chromosomes in each cell
(per cell- 46-->23 chromosomes)[image] |
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Pairing btw homologous cs; forms tetrad (4 Chromatids)
nuclear membrane dissolves, centriole pairs split, every replicated cs will have one centromere and will condense
[image] |
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Definition
| point of intermingling btw nonsister ct on homologous cs, allows crossing over |
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Definition
| occurs during prophase I, Crossing-over is the process that can give rise to genetic recombination ( a molecule of nucleic acid is broken and then joined to a different one), physical exchange of cs parts, exchange btw homologous cs |
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Definition
Need spindle fibers to attach to centromere before can start, independent assortment,The centrioles are at opposite poles of the cell.
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Term
| Mendels law of independent assortment |
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Definition
| cs pair aligns at equator independent of ALL other cs pairs |
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Definition
Law of Segregation, "like" genes on homologous cs seperate during gamete formation, the sister chromatids remain attached at their centromeres and move together toward the poles. A key difference between mitosis and meiosis is that sister chromatids remain joined after metaphase in meiosis I, whereas in mitosis they separate.
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
replicated cs moved to the poles,The homologous chromosome pairs complete their migration to the two poles as a result of the action of the spindle. Now a haploid set of chromosomes is at each pole, with each chromosome still having two chromatids.
• A nuclear envelope reforms around each chromosome set, the spindle disappears, and cytokinesis follows |
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Definition
| cytoplasm divides, forming 2 cells each with 23 repliaced cs |
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Definition
| resting time btw meiosis I and II, |
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Definition
| Ct of each replicated cs seperate; forming haploid cells, similar cs movement as mitosis except half the diploid # of cs (23cs) |
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Definition
| replicated cs condense (2 sister ct joined by a centromere), microtubules attach to the cs, spindle fibers attach |
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| 23 Unpaired cs attach to spindle fibers at centromere and pushed to equator |
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| Ct on replicated cs seperate each becoming a cs, centromeres seperate |
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Definition
| Cs decondense (same as Meiosis I), Nuclear membrane forms, genetic material at the poles, 46 unrepliacted cs in cell (23 at each end) |
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Term
| 4 ways male gamete development differs from female development |
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Definition
1) amount of gametes- males continuously produce new sperm, The production of one egg cell via oogenesis normally occurs only once a month, from puberty to menopause.
2)oogenesis only leads to the production of one final ovum, or egg cell, from each primary oocyte (in contrast to the four sperm that are generated from every spermatogonium)
3) Meiosis II is completed in females only upon fertilization vs. males produce spermatids after meiosis II regaurdless
4) males start process at puberty vs females start at birth (born with amount of primary oocytes)
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Term
| Difference btw homologus cs and sister ct |
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Definition
| Sister chromatids are two identical copies of a chromatid connected by a centromere. Compare sister chromatids to homologous chromosomes, which are the two different copies of the same chromosome that diploid organisms (like humans) inherit, one from each parent. In other words, sister chromatids contain the same genes and same alleles, and homologous chromosomes contain the same genes but two copies of alleles, each of which might or might not be the same as each other. |
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| two allelic forms (one from mom and one from dad) of a specific gene in a person |
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| observed expression of a particular trait |
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| How inheritance is determined in humans |
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Definition
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| determines potential gametes |
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Definition
| fork-line method (take multiple traits that can be discerned and make multiple gametes) |
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| Determines potential offspring |
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Definition
| punnett square (can see how many times have a certain phenotype) |
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| Disruption of brain chemistry, muscular twitching, chorea(abnormal involuntary movement), emotional distrubances-->demetia (phenotypic expession similar to Alzheimers), cant do purposeful motions, make protein and cant be broken down in dominant allele, basal ganglia destroyed, more then 36 CAG repeats means + for Huntingtons Disease |
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| can not metabolize Heme, a product of RBC breakdown, causes neurological problems like mental breakdown heme accumulates-->causing hyperaccumulation, organs can build heme causing problems |
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| defects in fibrillin, a gylcoprotein of connective tissue, affects eye lens, long bones,aorta (suspectible to weakness in aortic arch, causing an aneurysm), can occur from a new mutattion (de novo) |
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| benign tumors on the nervous system, may be caused de novo, may appear as cafe au lait spots, without tumors, if only one parent has neurofibromatosis, his or her children have a 50% chance of developing the condition as well. |
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| Genetic defect, tumors, can deform the bone, congenital disorder that causes skin overgrowth and atypical bone development, often accompanied by tumors over half the body |
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| (Dd) genetic dwarfism (disportionate), can be caused de novo, (DD) homozygous dominant is lethal(sponatenously aborts) |
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| 2 ways of coding for MOST genes |
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Definition
| dominant and recessive alleles, can distinguish via phenotypic effects |
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