Term
Cellular respiration has three stages List them
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Definition
Glycolysis
Pyruvate oxidation and Citric Cycle
Oxygen phosphorylation |
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Term
| Pyruvate into Glycolysis is a key "_______" in ______. |
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Definition
| Decision point, Catabolism |
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Term
| What does Aerobic Cellular respiration do? |
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Definition
Permits the complete oxidation of Glucose to energy trapped in ATP.
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Term
| What are the two stages that are only aerobic (not anaerobic) |
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Definition
Pyruvate oxidation and the citric cycle
Oxidative Phosphorylation |
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Term
In the Mitrochondria, there is the Matrix and Inner membrane.
What do they do? (What happens inside them?)
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Definition
The matrix has reactions take place that remove electrons. (Pyruvate oxidation, Citric Cycle)
The inner membrane has the electron transfer as well as ATP synthesis by ATP.
Look at a diagram of the mitochondria, and memorize it! |
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Term
What is the product of glycolysis?
Does that still contain usable energy? |
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Definition
The product of glycolysis is pyruvate.
Yes, it still contains useable energy. |
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Term
Does pyruvate oxidation only occur in aerobic pathways?
Where does pyruvate oxidation happen in prokaryotes?
Where does pyruvate oxidation happen in eukaryotes? |
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Definition
Yes it only occurs in aerobic pathways
In prokaryotes it happens in the plasma membrane
In eukaryotes it happens in the mitochondrial matrix |
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Term
| What enzyme(s) catalyze pyruvate oxidation? |
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Definition
| The enzymes that catalyze pyruvate oxidation is called the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex |
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Term
List what happens in Pyruvate (STEPS)
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Definition
1) Pyruvate is oxidized to acetate and converted to acetyl group
-> Releases 1 C02 per pyruvate and energy
2) Energy is captured when NAD^+ is reduced to NADH + H^+
3) Remaining energy is captured when acetyl group combines with CoA yielding acetyl-CoA |
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Term
| Know the reactants and products of pyruvate oxidation -> pg 11 |
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Definition
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Term
What does the citric cycle do?
Does the citric cycle only occur in the aerobic pathway?
Where does this occur in prokaryotes?
Where does this occur in eukaryotes? |
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Definition
The citric cycle completes the oxidation of pyruvate to C02.
Yes, the citric cycle only occurs in the aerobic pathways.
In prokaryotes this happens in the cytoplasm
In eukaryotes this happens in the mitochondrial matrix
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Term
How many steps is the citric cycle?
What does the first step do?
What do the OTHER steps do?
Do each step use the same enzyme?
What is produced? What do they do? |
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Definition
The citric cycle is 8 steps.
The first step : Acetyl group of Acetyl CoA (2C) combines with oxaloacetate forming citrate.
The next seven steps : Decompose citrate back to oxaloacetate (cyclic) with the release of 2 C02
NADH and FADH2 are produced which relay electrons to the ETC. |
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Term
| Know the krebs cycle products and reactants page 13 |
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Definition
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Term
Before Oxidative phosphorylation : What accounts for most the energy so far?
What do they do? |
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Definition
NADH and FADH2
They carry electrons to the ETC |
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Term
What does the ETC create?
What does this result in? |
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Definition
ETC creates a proton motive force.
This results in ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation. |
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Term
| Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur? |
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Definition
Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in mitochondrial inner membrane (in eukaryotes) and plasma membrane (in prokaryotes)
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Term
| What molecule are the electrons from NADH and FADH2 passed on to? |
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Definition
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Term
Look at the products and reactants of oxidative phosphorylation
pg 24
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Definition
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Term
| know the process of ETC. Pg 25, khan academy if have to |
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Definition
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Term
How much ATP does NADH generate?
How much ATP does FADH2 generate? |
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Definition
NADH generates 3 ATP
FADH2 generates 2 ATP |
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Term
What protein are in the ETC?
page 26 for diagram |
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Definition
3 Large protein complexes (Complex 1,3,4)
1 peripheral protein (Complex 2)
Two mobile carriers, Cyt C and Q
page 26 for diagram |
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Term
| How does the ETC form H20? |
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Definition
| Excess electrons, as well as the protons in the matrix (pumped by ATPase) combine with 02 to make H20. |
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Term
| What three things are happening during oxidative phosphorylation? |
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Definition
1) ETC, electrons being passed around by proteins
2) Active transport of H+ OUT of matrix (Against concentration gradient). Complex 1,4 and UQ do this.
This creates a proton motive force, an electrochemical gradient which is a form of potential energy
3) Facilitated diffusion through proton channel by ATPase back into the matrix. This creates energy to make ATP. |
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Term
| What is ATP synthase? How does it work? |
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Definition
ATP synthase is the smallest known molecular rotary motor.
When electrons go down the ATPase, the protons cause a rotation, which catalyzes the formation of ATP.
(Google headpiece atp) |
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Term
We know that ETC and Chemiosmosis work together, but can they be uncoupled?
Why do some organisms uncouple the two reactions? |
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Definition
Yes they can be uncoupled.
Some organisms uncouple the two reactions to regulate body temperature. (I.e Hibernating animals.) |
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Term
| In cellular respiration, products of reactions become products of ___________ |
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Definition
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Term
| Why does Cellular respiration yield more energy than Fermentation? |
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Definition
Final product of partial oxidation of glucose still contain more energy to be used (lots of unused energy). Therefore only a little bit of ATP is produced.Less reactions to milk energy from.
Final product of full oxidation convert all energy from many reactions to ATP, leaving very little energy left that is unused. |
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Term
| Page 32 - Fat, Carb, Protein pathway |
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Definition
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Term
| How are Metabolic Pathways regulated? |
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Definition
Rates of Glycolysis and Citric Acid Cycle can be regulated
Reactions are increased or decreased by actions of :
1)ATP
2)ADP
3)NAD+
4) NADH+ + H^+
On allosteric enzymes = Allosteric control |
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Term
Where is the control point in glycolysis? (Which reaction)
What enzyme is involved in regulating this?
What is the enzyme inhibited by?
What is the enzyme activated by? |
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Definition
The control point in glycolysis is in reaction 3
The enzyme involved in regulating this is phosphofruktokinase
Enzyme inhibited by ATP
Enzyme activated by ADP |
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Term
What are the control points in the citric acid cycle? (Which reaction step)
What enzyme regulates the citric acid cycle?
What inhibits this enzyme?
What activates this enzyme? |
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Definition
Reaction 3
Isocitrate dehydrogenase
ATP and NADH + H+ inhibits this enzyme
NAD+ and ADP activate this enzyme
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Term
| Do different organisms handle oxygen differently? |
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Definition
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Term
What are strict aerobes?
What are facultative anaerobes?
What are obligate/strict anaerobes? |
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Definition
Strict aerobes absolutely need 02
Their huge energy demands are not met by fermentation and glycolysis alone.
(Most eukaryotes, bacteria, many archaea
Facultative anaerobes can switch between fermentative and full oxidative pathways (Ecoli, Lactobacillus)
Obligate/strict anaerobes die if they come in contact with 02. |
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