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Biochem 420 Exam 3
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56
Biochemistry
12th Grade
12/05/2012

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Term
Characteristics of membranes
Definition
semi fluid mosaic, semi permeable, asymmetric
Term
What forces are associated with membranes
Definition
van der waals, electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonds
Term
What are 2 protein motifs in integral proteins
Definition
alpha helics, beta sheets, alpha more common, nonpolar inside, polar outside
Term
What are the major processes that require energy
Definition
Mechanical, active transport, biomolecule synthesis
Term
Anabolic Pathway
Catabolic Pathway
Definition
building, require energy
break down, create energy
Term
From glycolysis and krebs cycle, what are the electron carriers
Definition
NAD+, FAD, ADP, GDP
Term
Free energy change from ATP to AMP
ATp to ADP
Definition
10.9
7.3
Term
Typical Concentration of ATP in resting cell
Definition
4mmol
Term
What is the more efficient energy source
Definition
Fat: 9kcal per gram
Term
Which makes more ATP
Definition
Krebs cycle electron transport chain
Term
What are the six types of chemical reactions
Definition
oxidation/reduction, isomerization, group transfer, ligations (req atp), dehydration, addition/removal of functional groups
Term
An example of isomerization
Definition
Citrate to isocitrate
Term
Example of oxidation/reduction in krebs
Definition
succinate to fumarate, in process we make FADH2
Term
Purpose of phosphorylated glucose in cytosol
Definition
to trap it in the membrane, and to activate it
Term
In second part of glycolysis, 1,6-biphosphate, what are the two molecules it is cleaved into?
Definition
dihydroxyacetone, glyceraldehyde
Term
What does glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase do
Definition
makes NAD+ in NADH, forms acyl phosphate
Term
What are the three molecules pyruvate can be made into after glycolysis
Definition
Ethanol, Acetyl CoA, Lactate
Term
3 ways glycolytic enzymes are regulated
Definition
transcriptional control, reversible phosphorylation, allosteric control
Term
Different names for krebs cycle
Definition
citrtic acid cycle, tricarboxylic acid cycle
Term
Molecule that starts/enters krebs cycle
Definition
Acetyl CoA
Term
conversion of citrate to isocitrate is what reaction
Definition
isomerization
Term
In which step of krebs cycle is FADH2 formed
Definition
when succinate turns to fumarate
Term
What are the 3 points in TCA that FADH is created, what enzymes are involved there
Definition
isocitrate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, alpha ketoglutarate, dehydrogenase complex
Term
In one turn of TCA, how many equivalents of ATP are made?
Definition
3NADH = 2.5 ATP --> 7.5 ATP
1 FADH2 = 1.5 ATP --> 1.5
1 GTP --> 1 ATP
Term
What enzymes are key regulatory sites in krebs
Definition
isocitrate dehydrogenase, alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, citrate synthase
Term
What type of gradient is formed in ETC
Definition
electrochemical, proton gradient
Term
Electron flow in ETC leads to?
Definition
transport of proteins across inner mitochondrial membrane
Term
What are some other processes that are governed by proton gradients
Definition
heat production, flagellar rotation, active transport
Term
What activated carriers contain adosine phosphate lunex
Definition
NADH, FADH2, Coenzyme A
Term
What parts of metablism pathway are aerobic? Anaerobic?
Definition
aerobic = TCA Anaerobic = glycolysis
Term
What is oxidated and what is reduced
Definition
FAD is oxidated, FADH2 is reduced
Term
What is another name for coenzyme q
Definition
ubiquinone
Term
Out of the 5 complexes in ETC which does not pump protons?
Definition
Two
Term
Which complex do not shuttle Electrons?
Definition
None of the complexes shuttle electrons
Term
What is the net ATP for glycolysis
Definition
2
Term
What is the net estimate of ATP made by oxidation of glucose?
Definition
30 ATP
Term
Formation of citrate is what type of reaction
Definition
condensation and hydrolysis reaction
Term
What enzyme forms pyruvate in acetyl coA
Definition
pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, very regulated
Term
What enzyme converts acetyl CoA so it can go into krebs cycle
Definition
oxylacetate
Term
REduced form of FAD
Definition
FADH2
Term
3 carbon molecules from furctose 1,6- biphosphate
Definition
Gap, DHAP (know names)
Term
Fate of pyruvate
Definition
(acetyl CoA) aerobic, (lactic acid, ethanol) anaerobic, TCA cycle
Term
What kind of Reaction conversion citrate to isocitrate
Definition
isomerization, reaction type generates ATP or GTP?
Term
FADH2 formed at which step in citric cycle
Definition
cycinate to femorate??
Term
1 turn citric acid cycle generates how much ATP
Definition
10 ATP
Term
Name of protein complexes that transfer NADH to O2 (name of quinones?)
Definition
cytochrome C, co enzyme Q, 2 doesnt pump only 1,3,4
Term
Gradient that generates ATP
Definition
Proton gradient
Term
What is alternate name for coenzyme Q
Definition
ubiquinone
Term
What other process is involved in proton gradient
Definition
heat production, flagellar rotation, active transport
Term
Key enzymes that regulate citric acid cycle?
Definition
alphaketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex, malate dehydrogenase, pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
Term
regulation of glycolysis pathway
Definition
allosteric, negative feedback, transcription
Term
What molecules have higher electrochemical potential than ATP?
Definition
phosphoenolpyruvate, 1,3-biphosphoglycerate, creatine phosphate
Term
Are lipids hydrophobic/phillic
Definition
yes
Term
Most common motif that spans membrane
Definition
alpha helices - nonpolar, bacteriorhodopsin
Term
What active carriers contain adeno phosphate?
Definition
FADH2, NADH, COenzyme A
Term
Enzyme used to generate acetyl CoA
Definition
pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
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