Term
Characteristics of membranes |
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Definition
semi fluid mosaic, semi permeable, asymmetric |
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Term
What forces are associated with membranes |
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Definition
van der waals, electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonds |
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Term
What are 2 protein motifs in integral proteins |
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Definition
alpha helics, beta sheets, alpha more common, nonpolar inside, polar outside |
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Term
What are the major processes that require energy |
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Definition
Mechanical, active transport, biomolecule synthesis |
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Term
Anabolic Pathway Catabolic Pathway |
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Definition
building, require energy break down, create energy |
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Term
From glycolysis and krebs cycle, what are the electron carriers |
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Definition
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Term
Free energy change from ATP to AMP ATp to ADP |
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Definition
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Term
Typical Concentration of ATP in resting cell |
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Definition
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Term
What is the more efficient energy source |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Krebs cycle electron transport chain |
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Term
What are the six types of chemical reactions |
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Definition
oxidation/reduction, isomerization, group transfer, ligations (req atp), dehydration, addition/removal of functional groups |
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Term
An example of isomerization |
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Definition
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Term
Example of oxidation/reduction in krebs |
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Definition
succinate to fumarate, in process we make FADH2 |
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Term
Purpose of phosphorylated glucose in cytosol |
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Definition
to trap it in the membrane, and to activate it |
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Term
In second part of glycolysis, 1,6-biphosphate, what are the two molecules it is cleaved into? |
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Definition
dihydroxyacetone, glyceraldehyde |
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Term
What does glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase do |
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Definition
makes NAD+ in NADH, forms acyl phosphate |
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Term
What are the three molecules pyruvate can be made into after glycolysis |
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Definition
Ethanol, Acetyl CoA, Lactate |
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Term
3 ways glycolytic enzymes are regulated |
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Definition
transcriptional control, reversible phosphorylation, allosteric control |
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Term
Different names for krebs cycle |
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Definition
citrtic acid cycle, tricarboxylic acid cycle |
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Term
Molecule that starts/enters krebs cycle |
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Definition
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Term
conversion of citrate to isocitrate is what reaction |
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Definition
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Term
In which step of krebs cycle is FADH2 formed |
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Definition
when succinate turns to fumarate |
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Term
What are the 3 points in TCA that FADH is created, what enzymes are involved there |
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Definition
isocitrate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, alpha ketoglutarate, dehydrogenase complex |
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Term
In one turn of TCA, how many equivalents of ATP are made? |
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Definition
3NADH = 2.5 ATP --> 7.5 ATP 1 FADH2 = 1.5 ATP --> 1.5 1 GTP --> 1 ATP |
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Term
What enzymes are key regulatory sites in krebs |
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Definition
isocitrate dehydrogenase, alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, citrate synthase |
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Term
What type of gradient is formed in ETC |
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Definition
electrochemical, proton gradient |
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Term
Electron flow in ETC leads to? |
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Definition
transport of proteins across inner mitochondrial membrane |
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Term
What are some other processes that are governed by proton gradients |
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Definition
heat production, flagellar rotation, active transport |
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Term
What activated carriers contain adosine phosphate lunex |
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Definition
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Term
What parts of metablism pathway are aerobic? Anaerobic? |
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Definition
aerobic = TCA Anaerobic = glycolysis |
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Term
What is oxidated and what is reduced |
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Definition
FAD is oxidated, FADH2 is reduced |
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Term
What is another name for coenzyme q |
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Definition
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Term
Out of the 5 complexes in ETC which does not pump protons? |
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Definition
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Term
Which complex do not shuttle Electrons? |
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Definition
None of the complexes shuttle electrons |
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Term
What is the net ATP for glycolysis |
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Definition
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Term
What is the net estimate of ATP made by oxidation of glucose? |
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Definition
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Term
Formation of citrate is what type of reaction |
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Definition
condensation and hydrolysis reaction |
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Term
What enzyme forms pyruvate in acetyl coA |
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Definition
pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, very regulated |
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Term
What enzyme converts acetyl CoA so it can go into krebs cycle |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
3 carbon molecules from furctose 1,6- biphosphate |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
(acetyl CoA) aerobic, (lactic acid, ethanol) anaerobic, TCA cycle |
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Term
What kind of Reaction conversion citrate to isocitrate |
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Definition
isomerization, reaction type generates ATP or GTP? |
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Term
FADH2 formed at which step in citric cycle |
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Definition
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Term
1 turn citric acid cycle generates how much ATP |
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Definition
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Term
Name of protein complexes that transfer NADH to O2 (name of quinones?) |
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Definition
cytochrome C, co enzyme Q, 2 doesnt pump only 1,3,4 |
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Term
Gradient that generates ATP |
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Definition
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Term
What is alternate name for coenzyme Q |
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Definition
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Term
What other process is involved in proton gradient |
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Definition
heat production, flagellar rotation, active transport |
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Term
Key enzymes that regulate citric acid cycle? |
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Definition
alphaketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex, malate dehydrogenase, pyruvate dehydrogenase complex |
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Term
regulation of glycolysis pathway |
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Definition
allosteric, negative feedback, transcription |
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Term
What molecules have higher electrochemical potential than ATP? |
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Definition
phosphoenolpyruvate, 1,3-biphosphoglycerate, creatine phosphate |
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Term
Are lipids hydrophobic/phillic |
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Definition
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Term
Most common motif that spans membrane |
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Definition
alpha helices - nonpolar, bacteriorhodopsin |
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Term
What active carriers contain adeno phosphate? |
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Definition
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Term
Enzyme used to generate acetyl CoA |
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Definition
pyruvate dehydrogenase complex |
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