Term
what is the end product of aerobic glycolysis |
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Definition
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Term
what is pyruvate converted to? |
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Definition
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Term
what is the endproduct of anaerobic glycolysis |
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Definition
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Term
how many ATPs are made for each glucose>>>lactate |
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Definition
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Term
what is oxidative branch? |
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Definition
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Term
oxidative branch: reversible? |
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Definition
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Term
what is non-oxidative branch? |
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Definition
ribulose 5-P to ribose-5-P etc |
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Term
is non-oxidative branch reversible? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
drug-induced hemolytic anemia |
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Term
what is the purpose of liver fatty acid/TAG biosynthesis and adipose TAG re-synthesis? |
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Definition
storage of excess dietary fuel for use during fasting states |
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Term
where does fatty acid biosynthesis occur? |
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Definition
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Term
in general, how is a fatty acid synthesized? |
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Definition
repetitive 2 carbon units attached to a hydrocarbon, which is covalently attached to an acyl carrier protein (ACP) while being extended |
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Term
what is the first step of fatty acid synthesis? |
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Definition
formation of malonyl-CoA by acetyl CoA carboxylase |
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Term
what is the fatty acid storage form in adipose |
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Definition
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Term
where does triacylglycerol synthesis start? |
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Definition
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Term
what are liver TAGs packaged in? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
packages liver TAGs and takes them through the blood to adipose and other tissues |
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Term
glycogen synthase: whish is active and which is inactive? |
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Definition
dephosphorylated (a) is active phosphorylated (b) is inactive |
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Term
what is the effect on glycogen synthesis when insulin is present |
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Definition
insulin>>>phosphatase>>>dephosphorylates glycogen synthase>>>glycogen synthesis |
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Term
what is the effect on glycogen synthesis when glucagon or epinephrine is present? |
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Definition
glucagon/epinephrine>>>cAMP-activated PKA phosphorylates glycogen synthase>>>inhibits synthase>>>glycogen breakdown |
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Term
what are the 2 ways that the body makes ATP? |
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Definition
1) substrate level phosphorylation, using chemical energy of high energy intermediates 2) REDOX energy (oxidative phosphorylation)>>>preferred |
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Term
where do reducing equivalents end up in aerobic metabolism? |
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Definition
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Term
where do reducing equivalents end up in anaerobic metabolism? |
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Definition
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Term
another function of shuttling systems other than getting the reducing equivalents into the mitochondria |
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Definition
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Term
if the glycerol phosphate shuttle is used, how many ATP are produced |
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Definition
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Term
if the malate shuttle is used, how many ATP are produced? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1) make ATP 2) recycle NAD and FAD so that ATP production can continue |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
insoluble, glucose in linear alpha-1,4-linkages and branched alpha-1,6-linkages |
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Term
2 places where glycogen is synthesized most often |
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Definition
liver and resting musclre |
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Term
where does pentose shunt take place? (organ and area of cell) |
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Definition
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Term
main function of pentose shunt? |
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Definition
creation of NADPH for fatty acid biosynthesis |
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Term
where does TAG biosynthesis occur |
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Definition
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Term
which tissues use glucokinase and which use hexokinae? |
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Definition
glucokinase: liver and adipose. everywhere usees hexokinaser |
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Term
2 products of pentose shunt |
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Definition
NADPH for fatty acid biosynthesis Ribose-5-P for nucleotides (dividing cells) |
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Term
3 products of oxidative branch of pentose shunt |
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Definition
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Term
why is oxidative branch irreversible? |
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Definition
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Term
how does the oxidative branch of pentose shunt begin (enzyme?)? |
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Definition
glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase converts glucose-6-phosphate to ribulose-5-phosphate |
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Term
high levels of NADPH is maintained by what |
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Definition
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Term
what are the enzymes of the non-oxidative branch of the pentose shunt |
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Definition
transketolase and transaldolase |
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Term
what does transketolase (non-oxidatve branch, pentose shunt) REQUIRE |
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Definition
TPP (thiamine pyrophosphate) |
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Term
what hapens with a thiamine deficiency? |
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Definition
TPP sucks, so transketolase is inhibited and non-oxidatve branch of pentose shunt sucks too |
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Term
in the pentose shunt, of R-5-P isn't needed, what happens |
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Definition
it is converted back into glycolytic intermediates |
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Term
what step of the pentose shunt is regulated |
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Definition
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Term
which hormone induces G6PDH |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
think pentose shunt...product? NADPH |
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Term
why is a reducing environment important for RBCs |
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Definition
1) to protect membranes against ROS 2) keep iron in reduced Fe 2+ state |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
G6PDH deficiency causes what |
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Definition
normally, no problem, bc supply exceeds need with drugs, causes drug-induced hemolytic anemia |
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Term
what is activated form of Glucose-6-phosphate |
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Definition
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Term
if u need to add glucose to something, what form do u want it in |
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Definition
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Term
what does phosphoglucomutase do and in what kind of reaction |
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Definition
converst G6P to G1P
activation of UDP-glucose
it's reversible |
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Term
what is added to G1P to make UDP-glucose |
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Definition
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Term
what is the energy cost of adding one glucose |
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Definition
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Term
what provides reducing equivalents for fatty acid biosynthesis? |
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Definition
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Term
How does acetyl CoA reach the NADPH in the cytoplasm if it is made in the mitochondria? |
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Definition
The TCA cycle changes it to citrate, it goes into the cytoplasm, and is cleaved back into acetyl CoA |
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Term
purpose of ATP citrate lyase? |
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Definition
to convert citrate back into acetyl CoA because the reaction is very endergonic |
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Term
function of acetyl CoA carboxylase? |
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Definition
first step of fatty acid biosynthesis: converts Acetyl-CoA (with Bicarbonate) to make Malonyl-CoA |
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Term
what does the first step of fatty acid biosynthesis require? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
what is the key regulated enzyme in fatty acid biosynthesis |
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Definition
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Term
what is the activated form of Acetyl CoA? |
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Definition
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Term
in fatty acid synthesis, how are acyl groups carried |
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Definition
as thioesters of cysteine OR as phosphopantethiene |
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Term
essential cofactor for fatty acid synthase? |
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Definition
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Term
essential cofactor for acetyl co-A carboxylase? |
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Definition
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Term
what is initiation reaction of fatty acid synthesis? |
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Definition
Acetyl CoA and Malonyl CoA charge ACP. Condensation reaction occurs, CO2 is released, and Acetoacetyl ACP is formed |
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Term
3 phases of "remodeling" of the fatty acid chain |
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Definition
1. reduction 2. dehydration 3. reduction |
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Term
how many NADPH are needed for the elongation phase of fatty acid synthesis |
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Definition
2 (bc there are 2 reduction phases) |
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Term
what is final product of elongation phase of fatty acid synthesis |
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Definition
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Term
how many acetyl-CoA's are needed for elongation phase? |
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Definition
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Term
how many malonyl-CoA's are needed for elongation phase of fatty acid synthesis? |
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Definition
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Term
how many ATP's are needed for elongation phase of fatty acid synthesis? |
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Definition
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Term
how many NADPH's are needed for elongation of fatty acid synthesis |
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Definition
14 (7 cycles x 2 NADPH for 2 reduction phases) |
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Term
what is the activated form for fatty acids? |
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Definition
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Term
how is phosphatidate synthesized |
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Definition
from DHAP and fatty acyl coA esters |
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Term
what enzyme is used to make phosphatidate |
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Definition
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Term
how many acyl groups does phosphatidate have |
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Definition
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Term
when VLDL-TAGs reach adipose tissue, what happens? |
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Definition
Free fatty acids are cleaved off and used to resynthesize TAGs for storage in adipose |
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Term
insulin's effect on liver |
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Definition
increases glycogen production, TAG/fatty acid biosynthesis, decreases glucose production |
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Term
Summarize Carbo-Fat pathway |
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Definition
glucose>pyruvate>Acetyl CoA>Citrate>Acetyl CoA>Malonyl Co A> fatty acid |
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Term
what enzyme activates acetyl CoA carboxylase? |
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Definition
citrate (feed forward) insulin |
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Term
What inhibits Acetyl Co A carboxylase |
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Definition
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Term
what can't insulin and glucagon regulate? |
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Definition
things inside the mitochondria (PDH and ATP citrate synthase) |
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Term
what pathway is glucose6-phosphate dehydrogenase in |
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Definition
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Term
insulin induces pentose shunt why? |
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Definition
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