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Biochem
gluconeogenesis, fat synthesis and degradation, lipid synthesis
103
Biochemistry
Undergraduate 3
03/27/2014

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Term
malate dehydrogenase
Definition
enzymes involved in shuttling carbon atoms involvedin gluconeogenesis from the mitochondria to the cytosol
Term
glucose : cori cycle
Definition

lactate produced in muscle tissue is

converted to ____ by ____

Term
oxaloacetate
Definition
the biosynthesis of glucose from pyruvate involves one intermediate that is different from thos in the glycolytic pathway:
Term
glycogen phosphorylase
Definition
key enzyme in glycogen degradation
Term
addition of a phosphate to a serine residue
Definition
how is phosphorylase b converted into phosphorylase a?
Term
for glucose export to other tissues when glucose levels are low
Definition
what is the function of liver glycogen degradation?
Term
glycogenin
Definition
center of a glycogen molecule
Term
transferase and alpha-1,6-glucosidase
Definition
enzymes required to cleave alpha-1,6-glycosidic branches in glycogen
Term
branching enzyme
Definition
creates 1,6 glycosidic linkange
Term
NADPH
Definition
ATP is called the energy currency. The currency of reducing power is?
Term
generate NADPH and synthesize 5 carbon sugars
Definition
Purpose of the pentose phosphate pathway?
Term

glucos-6-phosphate ->

glucose & fructose-1,6-bisphosphate ->

fructose-6-phosphate

Definition
two of the reactions in glycolysis that are driven by ATP hydrolysis are catalyzed by different enzymes in the reverse direction during gluconeogenesis. What are these reactions in the direction of gluconeogenesis?
Term
glucose-1-phosphate
Definition
the immediate product of the degradation of glycogen by phosphorylase:
Term
lipases
Definition
enzymes that digest the triacylglycerols into free fatty acids and monoacyglycerol
Term
7
Definition
how many rounds of beta oxidation would be required for a 16 C fatty acyl chain to be degraded to acetyl CoA?
Term
glucose
Definition
In the Cori cycle, what circulates in the bloodstream from liver to muscle?
Term
beta-ketoacyl ACP synthetase
Definition
the reaction which catalyzes the addition of an activated 2 carbon compound with an activated 3 carbon compound in the synthesis of a fatty acid
Term
ATP-dependent activation of fatty acids using CoA
Definition
the function of the enzyme acyl CoA synthetase?
Term
synthesis of malonyl CoA
Definition
committed step of fatty acid synthesis
Term
phosphotidate
Definition
the common precurser for both the phosphatidyl inositols and triacylglycerols?
Term
palmitoyl CoA and serine
Definition
the starting materials necessary to synthesize sphingosines
Term
acetyl CoA & acetoacetyl CoA
Definition
HMG CoA is synthesized from:
Term
phosphoglucomutase
Definition
conversion of glucose-1-phosphate to glucose-6-phosphate is carried out by the enzyme:
Term
3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase
Definition
feedback regulation of cholesterol synthesis is mainly controlled at the step catalyzed by the enzyme
Term
pyruvate is converted to oxaloacetate, which is couple to ATP hydrolysis and then to phosphoenolpyruvate which is couple to GTP synthesis
Definition
how is phosphoenolpyruvate generated from pyruvate during gluconeogenesis?
Term
it hydrates a double bond to form a 3-L-hydroxyacyl-CoA
Definition
what is the function of enoyl-CoA hydratase of the beta-oxidation pathway?
Term
prostacyclin, thromboxane, and prostaglandins
Definition
acetylation of serine on cyclooxygenase enzymes leads to the reduction of which lipid mediator(s)?
Term
phosphorylase
Definition
calcium binds and leads to the activation of what enzymes in glycogen degradation?
Term
in the b state
Definition
muscle phosphorylase is mostly inactive when
Term
erythrose-4-phosphate
Definition
which sugar is converted into ribulose-5-phosphate by a single enzymatic step?
Term
gluconeogenic
Definition
increase in ATP (gluconeogenic/glycolytic)
Term
glycolytic
Definition
increase in AMP (gluconeogenic/glycolytic)
Term
gluconeogenic
Definition
increase in fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (gluconeogenic/glycolytic)
Term
gluconeogenic
Definition
increase in citrate (gluconeogenic/glycolytic)
Term
gluconeogenic
Definition
increace in acetyl CoA (gluconeogenic/glycolytic)
Term

1. fatty acid in cytoplasm

2. activation of fatty acid by joining of acetyl CoA

3. reaction with carnitine

4. acyl CoA in the mitochondrion

5. FAD-linked oxidation

6. hydration

7. NAD+ linked oxidation

8. thiolysis

Definition
order of beta oxidation of fatty acids
Term
reducing
Definition
the end of glycogen where the anomeric carbon is free to convert from the open to closed conformation
Term
biotin
Definition
prosthetic group tightly bound to the enzyme acetyl CoA carboxylase
Term
serum albumin
Definition
carries free fatty acids in the blood serum
Term
beta hydroxybutyrate
Definition
this compound is considered one of the ketone bodies
Term
dihydroxyacetone phosphate
Definition
reduction of this metabolite supplies G3P for acyl glycerol synthesis
Term
oxaloacetate
Definition
the availability of this metabolite determines whether acetyl-CoA made from fatty acids can enter the citric acid cycle
Term
lipoprotein particles
Definition
cholesterol and triacylglycerols are tansported in body fluidsin this form
Term
amino acid catabolism
Definition
the process of forming glucose from amino acids
Term
pyruvate carboxylase
Definition
the gluconeogenesis step responsible for reversing pyruvate kinase is
Term
pyruvate carboxylase
Definition
enzyme that carboxylates pyruvate to oxaloacetate
Term
malate dehydrogenase
Definition
transport of oxaloacetate produced by phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase utilizes the mitochondrial and cytosolic emzyme:
Term
transferase & alpha 1,6 glucosidase
Definition
in order to degrade branches in glycogen, two enzymes are required:
Term
glucose 1,6 bisphosphate
Definition
phosphoglucomutase requires the intermediate ______ for ine interconversion of glucose-1-phosphate and glucose-6-phosphate
Term
epinephrine
Definition
stimulates glycogen breakdown in muscle by initiating a cAMP signal-transduction cascade
Term
free glucose
Definition
the hydrolysis catalyzed by alpha 1,6 glucosidase releases a:
Term
glycogen synthase
Definition
the reaction catalyzed by ______ transfers UDP-glucose to the hydroxyl of an existing glycogen core
Term
glycogenin
Definition
primer that polymerizes the first few glucose molecules
Term
glucose-6-phosphate
Definition
glycogen synthase is converted into the active form by the action of:
Term
6-Phosphogluconolactonase
Definition
enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of the ester linkafe of the lactone, resulting in the ring opening
Term
ribose sugers and reducing power
Definition
two key components required from growth
Term
glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
Definition
committed step of pentose phosphate pathway
Term
epimer
Definition
isomers with multiple asymmetric centers differing in only one asymmetric center
Term
NADPH
Definition
the oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway produces _____ which is required for lipid bioshynthesis
Term
mitochondria
Definition
the degradation of fatty acids occurs in the:
Term
glucagon and epinephrine
Definition
stimulatine the breakdown of triacylglycerols by activation of a hormone-senstitive lipase
Term
propionyl CoA and acetyl CoA
Definition
beta-oxidation of odd numbered fatty acids produces:
Term
thiolytic cleavage
Definition
the final step of each round of oxidation of fatty acids is the _____ to yeild actyl CoA
Term
pyruvate
Definition
oxaloacetate spontaneously decarboxylates to form:
Term
ketone bodies
Definition
the brain uses _____ instead of glucose during long-term fasting
Term
acetoacetate and 3-hydroxybuterate
Definition
referred to as ketone bodies and are major fuel sources for muscle tissue
Term
raise
Definition
untreated, chronic ketone body productioni will _____ blood pH levels.
Term
ATP-citrate lyase
Definition
in the cytosol citrate is cleaved to its 2- and 4-carbon components by _____ to makes acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate
Term
malonyl CoA
Definition
formed from acetyl CoA by the addition of CO2 using biotin cofactor of the enzyne acetyl CoA carboxylase
Term
serine
Definition
the first reaction of fatty acid synthesis is the transfer of the actyl to a _____ froup of the acyl carrier protein (ACP)
Term
fatty acid degradation
Definition
fatty acids are generated cytoplasmically while the acetyl CoA is made in the mitochondrion by:
Term
citrate
Definition
acetyl CoA formed in the nitochondria is transported into the cytoplasm as:
Term
insulin
Definition
stimulates fatty acid synthesis by activating a protein phosphate that removes a phosphate from acetyl CoA carboxylase
Term
glucose 1-phosphate.
Definition
The glycogen phosphorylase enzyme carries out a phosphorolysis reaction resulting in the formation of
Term
UDP-glucose
Definition
Glycogen synthase adds glucose units to growing glycogen molecules using which molecule?
Term
many terminal glucose residues, where either glycogen phosphorylase or glycogen synthase can react.
Definition

Branching provides

Term
Protein phosphatase 1 (PP1)
Definition
considered the glucose sensor in liver cells
Term
Xylulose 5-phosphate
Definition
Phosphopentose epimerase can convert ribulose 5-phosphate to
Term
lactonase
Definition
enzymes operates in the oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway
Term
C3 + C7 [image] C6 + C4
Definition
For the pentose phosphate pathway, which of the following best summarizes the reversible reaction catalyzed by transaldolase?
Term
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and fructose 6-phosphate
Definition
Transketolase can convert erythrose 4-phosphate and xylulose 5-phosphate to what two products? 
Term
cell to breakdown glycogen
Definition
The cleavage of triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids is performed by lipases. The signaling process initiating the activation of lipases is the same as that which signals the:
Term
 can be used as either a source of energy or for gluconeogenesis
Definition
The glycerol produced during the lipolysis of triglycerides
Term
 is transferred to another molecule that is involved in transport of the fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix.
Definition
Fatty acids are activated by attachment to coenzyme A at the outer mitochondrial membrane, but the resulting fatty acyl-coenzyme A is not degraded until it reaches the mitochondrial matrix. The fatty acyl-coenzyme A
Term
fatty acid degradation through the citric acid cycle does not lead to a net increase in oxaloacetate
Definition
Animals are not capable of converting fatty acids into glucose because
Term
 Vitamin B12 is a cofactor for methylmalonyl CoA mutase.
Definition
Why is vitamin B12 essential in fatty acid degradation
Term
Acetyl CoA carboxylase
Definition
Which enzyme catalyzes the committed step in fatty acid synthesis? 
Term
Pantothenic acid is a cofactor for the acyl carrier protein.
Definition
Why is the vitamin called pantothenic acid (or pantetheine) essential in fatty acid biosynthesis? 
Term
fatty acyl-coenzyme A.
Definition
In the synthesis of triglycerides and phospholipids, fatty acids are attached to the glycerol 3-phosphate in the form of: 
Term
is added to diacylglycerol after removal of the phosphate group from phosphatidate.
Definition
In the synthesis of triglycerides, the third fatty acid: 
Term
 It is linked via an amide linkage.
Definition
In sphingolipids, what is unique about the way in which a fatty acid is attached to sphingosine to produce ceramides? 
Term
 Three five-carbon units are condensed to form a 15-carbon unit, two of which are combined to yield a 30-carbon molecule that is cyclized to form cholesterol.
Definition
The synthesis of cholesterol involves condensations of five-carbon units from isopentenyl pyrophosphate. Which of the following summarizes the sequence of these condensations? 
Term
O2
Definition
The –OH group of cholesterol and subsequent –OH groups added in the synthesis of steroid hormones are derived from what molecule? 
Term
endoplasmic reticulum
Definition
is mammals, phosphatidate is synthesized in the outer mitochondrial membrain and the :
Term
ceramide
Definition
A _____ is composed of a fatty acid linked to sphingosine via an amide bond
Term
sialic acid
Definition
9 carbon sugar that is a compnent of gangliosides
Term
phosphorylcholine
Definition
in the biosynthesis of sphingomyelin, the terminal hydroxyl group of ceramide is substituted with:
Term
cytidine
Definition
in membrane-lipid biosynthesis, the nucleotide _____ is used to activate the components of the reaction
Term
mevalonate, HMG-CoA reductase
Definition
the synthesis of _____ by _____ is the commited step in cholesterol biosynthesis
Term
squalene
Definition
30-Carbon precurser of cholesterol
Term
HDL
Definition
majot carrier of cholesterol ESTERS in the blood
Term
calcitriol
Definition
vitamin D3 is converted into _____, which is the active hormone that functions as a transcription factor
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