Term
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Definition
enzymes involved in shuttling carbon atoms involvedin gluconeogenesis from the mitochondria to the cytosol |
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Term
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Definition
lactate produced in muscle tissue is
converted to ____ by ____ |
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Term
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Definition
the biosynthesis of glucose from pyruvate involves one intermediate that is different from thos in the glycolytic pathway: |
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Term
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Definition
key enzyme in glycogen degradation |
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Term
addition of a phosphate to a serine residue |
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Definition
how is phosphorylase b converted into phosphorylase a? |
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Term
for glucose export to other tissues when glucose levels are low |
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Definition
what is the function of liver glycogen degradation? |
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Term
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Definition
center of a glycogen molecule |
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Term
transferase and alpha-1,6-glucosidase |
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Definition
enzymes required to cleave alpha-1,6-glycosidic branches in glycogen |
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Term
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Definition
creates 1,6 glycosidic linkange |
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Term
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Definition
ATP is called the energy currency. The currency of reducing power is? |
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Term
generate NADPH and synthesize 5 carbon sugars |
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Definition
Purpose of the pentose phosphate pathway? |
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Term
glucos-6-phosphate ->
glucose & fructose-1,6-bisphosphate ->
fructose-6-phosphate |
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Definition
two of the reactions in glycolysis that are driven by ATP hydrolysis are catalyzed by different enzymes in the reverse direction during gluconeogenesis. What are these reactions in the direction of gluconeogenesis? |
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Term
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Definition
the immediate product of the degradation of glycogen by phosphorylase: |
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Term
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Definition
enzymes that digest the triacylglycerols into free fatty acids and monoacyglycerol |
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Term
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Definition
how many rounds of beta oxidation would be required for a 16 C fatty acyl chain to be degraded to acetyl CoA? |
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Term
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Definition
In the Cori cycle, what circulates in the bloodstream from liver to muscle? |
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Term
beta-ketoacyl ACP synthetase |
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Definition
the reaction which catalyzes the addition of an activated 2 carbon compound with an activated 3 carbon compound in the synthesis of a fatty acid |
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Term
ATP-dependent activation of fatty acids using CoA |
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Definition
the function of the enzyme acyl CoA synthetase? |
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Term
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Definition
committed step of fatty acid synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
the common precurser for both the phosphatidyl inositols and triacylglycerols? |
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Term
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Definition
the starting materials necessary to synthesize sphingosines |
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Term
acetyl CoA & acetoacetyl CoA |
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Definition
HMG CoA is synthesized from: |
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Term
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Definition
conversion of glucose-1-phosphate to glucose-6-phosphate is carried out by the enzyme: |
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Term
3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase |
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Definition
feedback regulation of cholesterol synthesis is mainly controlled at the step catalyzed by the enzyme |
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Term
pyruvate is converted to oxaloacetate, which is couple to ATP hydrolysis and then to phosphoenolpyruvate which is couple to GTP synthesis |
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Definition
how is phosphoenolpyruvate generated from pyruvate during gluconeogenesis? |
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Term
it hydrates a double bond to form a 3-L-hydroxyacyl-CoA |
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Definition
what is the function of enoyl-CoA hydratase of the beta-oxidation pathway? |
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Term
prostacyclin, thromboxane, and prostaglandins |
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Definition
acetylation of serine on cyclooxygenase enzymes leads to the reduction of which lipid mediator(s)? |
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Term
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Definition
calcium binds and leads to the activation of what enzymes in glycogen degradation? |
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Term
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Definition
muscle phosphorylase is mostly inactive when |
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Term
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Definition
which sugar is converted into ribulose-5-phosphate by a single enzymatic step? |
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Term
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Definition
increase in ATP (gluconeogenic/glycolytic) |
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Term
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Definition
increase in AMP (gluconeogenic/glycolytic) |
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Term
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Definition
increase in fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (gluconeogenic/glycolytic) |
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Term
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Definition
increase in citrate (gluconeogenic/glycolytic) |
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Term
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Definition
increace in acetyl CoA (gluconeogenic/glycolytic) |
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Term
1. fatty acid in cytoplasm
2. activation of fatty acid by joining of acetyl CoA
3. reaction with carnitine
4. acyl CoA in the mitochondrion
5. FAD-linked oxidation
6. hydration
7. NAD+ linked oxidation
8. thiolysis |
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Definition
order of beta oxidation of fatty acids |
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Term
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Definition
the end of glycogen where the anomeric carbon is free to convert from the open to closed conformation |
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Term
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Definition
prosthetic group tightly bound to the enzyme acetyl CoA carboxylase |
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Term
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Definition
carries free fatty acids in the blood serum |
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Term
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Definition
this compound is considered one of the ketone bodies |
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Term
dihydroxyacetone phosphate |
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Definition
reduction of this metabolite supplies G3P for acyl glycerol synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
the availability of this metabolite determines whether acetyl-CoA made from fatty acids can enter the citric acid cycle |
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Term
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Definition
cholesterol and triacylglycerols are tansported in body fluidsin this form |
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Term
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Definition
the process of forming glucose from amino acids |
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Term
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Definition
the gluconeogenesis step responsible for reversing pyruvate kinase is |
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Term
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Definition
enzyme that carboxylates pyruvate to oxaloacetate |
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Term
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Definition
transport of oxaloacetate produced by phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase utilizes the mitochondrial and cytosolic emzyme: |
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Term
transferase & alpha 1,6 glucosidase |
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Definition
in order to degrade branches in glycogen, two enzymes are required: |
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Term
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Definition
phosphoglucomutase requires the intermediate ______ for ine interconversion of glucose-1-phosphate and glucose-6-phosphate |
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Term
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Definition
stimulates glycogen breakdown in muscle by initiating a cAMP signal-transduction cascade |
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Term
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Definition
the hydrolysis catalyzed by alpha 1,6 glucosidase releases a: |
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Term
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Definition
the reaction catalyzed by ______ transfers UDP-glucose to the hydroxyl of an existing glycogen core |
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Term
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Definition
primer that polymerizes the first few glucose molecules |
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Term
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Definition
glycogen synthase is converted into the active form by the action of: |
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Term
6-Phosphogluconolactonase |
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Definition
enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of the ester linkafe of the lactone, resulting in the ring opening |
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Term
ribose sugers and reducing power |
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Definition
two key components required from growth |
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Term
glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase |
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Definition
committed step of pentose phosphate pathway |
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Term
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Definition
isomers with multiple asymmetric centers differing in only one asymmetric center |
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Term
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Definition
the oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway produces _____ which is required for lipid bioshynthesis |
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Term
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Definition
the degradation of fatty acids occurs in the: |
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Term
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Definition
stimulatine the breakdown of triacylglycerols by activation of a hormone-senstitive lipase |
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Term
propionyl CoA and acetyl CoA |
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Definition
beta-oxidation of odd numbered fatty acids produces: |
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Term
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Definition
the final step of each round of oxidation of fatty acids is the _____ to yeild actyl CoA |
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Term
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Definition
oxaloacetate spontaneously decarboxylates to form: |
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Term
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Definition
the brain uses _____ instead of glucose during long-term fasting |
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Term
acetoacetate and 3-hydroxybuterate |
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Definition
referred to as ketone bodies and are major fuel sources for muscle tissue |
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Term
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Definition
untreated, chronic ketone body productioni will _____ blood pH levels. |
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Term
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Definition
in the cytosol citrate is cleaved to its 2- and 4-carbon components by _____ to makes acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate |
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Term
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Definition
formed from acetyl CoA by the addition of CO2 using biotin cofactor of the enzyne acetyl CoA carboxylase |
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Term
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Definition
the first reaction of fatty acid synthesis is the transfer of the actyl to a _____ froup of the acyl carrier protein (ACP) |
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Term
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Definition
fatty acids are generated cytoplasmically while the acetyl CoA is made in the mitochondrion by: |
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Term
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Definition
acetyl CoA formed in the nitochondria is transported into the cytoplasm as: |
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Term
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Definition
stimulates fatty acid synthesis by activating a protein phosphate that removes a phosphate from acetyl CoA carboxylase |
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Term
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Definition
The glycogen phosphorylase enzyme carries out a phosphorolysis reaction resulting in the formation of |
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Term
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Definition
Glycogen synthase adds glucose units to growing glycogen molecules using which molecule? |
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Term
many terminal glucose residues, where either glycogen phosphorylase or glycogen synthase can react. |
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Definition
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Term
Protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) |
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Definition
considered the glucose sensor in liver cells |
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Term
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Definition
Phosphopentose epimerase can convert ribulose 5-phosphate to |
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Term
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Definition
enzymes operates in the oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway |
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Term
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Definition
For the pentose phosphate pathway, which of the following best summarizes the reversible reaction catalyzed by transaldolase? |
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Term
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and fructose 6-phosphate |
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Definition
Transketolase can convert erythrose 4-phosphate and xylulose 5-phosphate to what two products? |
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Term
cell to breakdown glycogen |
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Definition
The cleavage of triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acids is performed by lipases. The signaling process initiating the activation of lipases is the same as that which signals the: |
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Term
can be used as either a source of energy or for gluconeogenesis |
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Definition
The glycerol produced during the lipolysis of triglycerides |
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Term
is transferred to another molecule that is involved in transport of the fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix. |
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Definition
Fatty acids are activated by attachment to coenzyme A at the outer mitochondrial membrane, but the resulting fatty acyl-coenzyme A is not degraded until it reaches the mitochondrial matrix. The fatty acyl-coenzyme A |
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Term
fatty acid degradation through the citric acid cycle does not lead to a net increase in oxaloacetate |
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Definition
Animals are not capable of converting fatty acids into glucose because |
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Term
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Definition
Why is vitamin B12 essential in fatty acid degradation |
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Term
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Definition
Which enzyme catalyzes the committed step in fatty acid synthesis? |
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Term
Pantothenic acid is a cofactor for the acyl carrier protein. |
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Definition
Why is the vitamin called pantothenic acid (or pantetheine) essential in fatty acid biosynthesis? |
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Term
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Definition
In the synthesis of triglycerides and phospholipids, fatty acids are attached to the glycerol 3-phosphate in the form of: |
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Term
is added to diacylglycerol after removal of the phosphate group from phosphatidate. |
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Definition
In the synthesis of triglycerides, the third fatty acid: |
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Term
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Definition
In sphingolipids, what is unique about the way in which a fatty acid is attached to sphingosine to produce ceramides? |
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Term
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Definition
The synthesis of cholesterol involves condensations of five-carbon units from isopentenyl pyrophosphate. Which of the following summarizes the sequence of these condensations? |
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Term
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Definition
The –OH group of cholesterol and subsequent –OH groups added in the synthesis of steroid hormones are derived from what molecule? |
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Term
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Definition
is mammals, phosphatidate is synthesized in the outer mitochondrial membrain and the : |
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Term
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Definition
A _____ is composed of a fatty acid linked to sphingosine via an amide bond |
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Term
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Definition
9 carbon sugar that is a compnent of gangliosides |
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Term
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Definition
in the biosynthesis of sphingomyelin, the terminal hydroxyl group of ceramide is substituted with: |
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Term
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Definition
in membrane-lipid biosynthesis, the nucleotide _____ is used to activate the components of the reaction |
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Term
mevalonate, HMG-CoA reductase |
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Definition
the synthesis of _____ by _____ is the commited step in cholesterol biosynthesis |
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Term
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Definition
30-Carbon precurser of cholesterol |
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Term
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Definition
majot carrier of cholesterol ESTERS in the blood |
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Term
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Definition
vitamin D3 is converted into _____, which is the active hormone that functions as a transcription factor |
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