Term
| Rate step enzyme of Cholesterol synthesis |
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Definition
HMG-CoA reductase
converts HMG-CoA to Mevalonate |
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Term
| 3 inhibitors of glycolysis (besides glucagon) |
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Definition
| ATP, citrate, and alanine |
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Term
| affect of glucagon on cAMP and 4 steps after that |
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Definition
| ↑glucagon→ cAMP→ ↑PKA→ ↑FBPase-2→ ↓PFK-2→ ↓glycolysis |
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Term
| Give the mnemonic and steps in order of the TCA cycle. |
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Definition
Citrate Is Kreb's Starting Substrate For Making Oxaloacetate
(Pyruvate→Acetyl CoA→)
Citrate
Isocitrate
α-Ketoglutarate
Succinyl CoA
Succinate
Fumarate
Malate
Oxaloacetate
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Term
| 4 Electron transport inhibitors and their action |
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Definition
Rotenone, CN-, antimycin A, and CO
directly inhibit electron transport, causing a decreased proton gradient and blocking ATP synthesis |
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Term
| Name an ATPsynthase inhibit and what it does |
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Definition
Oligomycin
Directly inhibits mitochondrial ATPsynthase causing an increased proton gradient. No ATP is produced because electron transport stops. |
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Term
Name 3 agents that cause uncoupling of the elcetron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation
and describe how they do this |
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Definition
2,4-DNP, aspirin, and thermogenin (in brown fat)
they increase the permeability of the membrane causing a decreased proton gradient and increased O2 consumption. ATP synthesis stops, but electron transport continues- produces heat. |
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Term
| 4 irreversible enzymes of Gluconeogenesis and the mnemonic to remember them |
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Definition
Pathway Produces Fresh Glucose
Pyruvate carboxylase (in mitochondria)
PEP carboxykinase (in cytosol)
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (in cytosol)
Glucose-6-phosphatase (in ER) |
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Term
| Where gluconeogenesis occurs |
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Definition
Liver mostly, also kidney and intestinal epithelium
NOT muscle b/c it doesn't have glucose-6-phosphatase |
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Term
| What kind of FAs can be used for gluconeogenesis? |
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Definition
| Odd chain FAs only (because they yield 1 propionyl-CoA which can enter the TCA cycle as succinyl-CoA) |
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Term
| 3 things the HMP shunt (pentose phosphate pathway) produces, and from what |
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Definition
| Produces NADPH (for reduction reactions), ribose (for nucleotide synthesis), and glycolytic intermediates from glucose-6-phosphate |
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Term
| Describe the 2 parts of the Cori cycle |
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Definition
Lactate from muscle travels to the liver to be converted to pyruvate and then glucose
Glucose from the liver travels to muscle to be converted into pyruvate and then lactate
Meanwhile, ammonium from muscle is turned in glutamate, then alanine. The alanine is transported to the liver where it is converted back into glutamate and then into urea. |
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Term
| Amino acid needed to make tyrosine→Dopa→Dopamine→NE→Epi |
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Definition
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Term
| Amino acid needed to make Serotonin→Melatonin |
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Definition
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Term
| Amino acid needed to make histamine |
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Definition
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Term
| Amino acid needed to make Porphyrin→Heme |
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Definition
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