Shared Flashcard Set

Details

BioChemistry Keywords Ch29
BioChemistry DPPP-368 Keywords Chapter 29
36
Biochemistry
Undergraduate 3
03/30/2011

Additional Biochemistry Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Anabolic Pathway -
Definition
The series of chemical reactions that constructs or synthesizes molecules from smaller units, usually requiring input of energy (ATP) in the process.
Term
Antimalarial Drugs -
Definition
used for prophylaxis, treatment & prevention of malaria. Some antimalarial agents, particularly chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, are also used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and lupus associated arthritis.
Term
Biosynthesis -
Definition
an enzyme-catalyzed process in cells of living organisms by which substrates are converted to more complex products. The biosynthesis process often consists of several enzymatic steps in which the product of one step is used as substrate in the following step.
Term
Cytosol -
Definition
the liquid found inside cells. In eukaryotes, this liquid is separated by cell membranes from the contents of the organelles suspended in the cytosol.
Term
Detoxification -
Definition
the physiological or medicinal removal of toxic substances from a living organism. In conventional medicine, detoxification can be achieved by decontamination of poison ingestion, antidotes or dialysis.
Term
Fava Bean -
Definition
a species of bean (Fabaceae) native to north Africa and southwest Asia, and extensively cultivated elsewhere. Contains oxidant purine glycosides that contribute to hydrogen peroxide formation.
Term
Fructose 6-phosphate –
Definition
a fructose sugar phosphorylated on carbon. The ?-D-form of this compound is very common in cells, and the vast majority of glucose and fructose entering a cell will become converted to this at some point.
Term
Glucose-6-Phosphate -
Definition
catalized from glucose by hexokinase—will proceed to glycolysis or glycogen synthesis.
Term
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase -
Definition
cytosolic enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway, a metabolic pathway that supplies reducing energy to cells by maintaining the level of the co-enzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH).
Term
Glutathione-
Definition
antioxidant, helps protect cells from reactive oxygen species such as free radicals and peroxides. Its a tripeptid and contains a peptide linkage between the amine group of cysteine and the carboxyl group of the glutamate side chain.
Term
Glutathione Peroxidase-
Definition
the general name of an enzyme family with peroxidase activity whose main biological role is to protect the organism from oxidative damage. The biochemical function of glutathione peroxidase is to reduce lipid hydroperoxides to their corresponding alcohols and to reduce free hydrogen peroxide to water.
Term
Glutathione Reductase-
Definition
an enzyme that reduces glutathione disulfide (GSSG) to the sulfhydryl form GSH, which is an important cellular antioxidant.
Term
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-
Definition
an intermediate in both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis
Term
Glycolysis-
Definition
is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate. The free energy released in this process is used to form ATP and NADH. Present in all cell types.
Term
H2O2-
Definition
hydrogen peroxide, which is a product made naturally by humans during oxidative metabolism, it is a potent free radical
Term
Hexose Monophosphate Shunt-
Definition
another name for the pentose phosphate pathway
Term
Irreversible-
Definition
a one way reaction, usually a reaction with a very negative delta G
Term
NADPH-
Definition
produced by the oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway, it is an antioxidant which reduces free radicals to keep them from harming cells
Term
Nonoxidative-
Definition
a pathway in the pentose phosphate pathway where 5-carbon sugars are synthesized; alternative to glycolysis (reversible)
Term
Oxidative-
Definition
a pathway in the pentose phosphate pathway where NAD+ is reduced to NADPH using the energy from the conversion of glucose-6-phosphate into ribulose 5-phosphate (nonreversible)
Term
Oxidized Glutathione-
Definition
NADPH is used for detoxification in reducing oxidized glutathione
Term
Pentose Phosphate Pathway-
Definition
(hexose monophosphate shunt) Makes NADPH for reductive biosynthesis and Ribose-5-phosphate for nucleotide biosynthesis. A process that generates NADPH and pentoses. There are two distinct phases in the pathway. The first is the oxidative phase, in which NADPH is generated, and the second is the non-oxidative synthesis of 5-carbon sugars.
Term
Peroxide-
Definition
(H2O2) product when there is deficient enzyme glucose 6-P dehydrogenase
Term
Primaquine-
Definition
medication used in the treatment of malaria and pneumocystis pneumonia
Term
Product Inhibition-
Definition
enzyme inhibition where the product of an enzyme reaction binds to the enzyme and inhibits its activity
Term
6-phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase-
Definition
enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway; forms ribulose 5-phosphate from 6-phosphogluconate
Term
Reduced Glutathione-
Definition
product of the glutathione reductase reaction
Term
Reductive Biosynthesis-
Definition
NADPH is used for reductive synthesis: fatty acid synthesis, fatty acid chain elongation, cholesterol synthesis, neurotransmitter synthesis, nucleotide synthesis, superoxide synthesis
Term
Reversible-
Definition
a reaction that can go both ways, many endergonic reactions will be able to go both ways with positive delta G.
Term
Ribose-5-phosphate-
Definition
product in both oxidative and non-oxidative pathways of the pentose phosphate pathway
Term
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)-
Definition
chemically reactive molecules that contain oxygen; examples include oxygen ions and peroxides
Term
Sulfa Drugs-
Definition
synthetic antimicrobial agents that contain the sulfonamide group; in bacteria, antibacterial sulfonamides act as competitive inhibitors of the enzyme dihydropteroate synthetase (DHPS), an enzyme involved in folate synthesis.
Term
Sulfhydryl Group-
Definition
(thiol group) sulfur analogue of an alcohol; GSH is a product when there is deficient enzyme glucose 6-P dehydrogenase and of the glutathione reductase reaction
Term
Superoxide Ion-
Definition
an anion with the chemical formula O2?. With one unpaired electron, the superoxide ion is a free radical
Term
Vitamin C -
Definition
absorbic acid; a water soluble vitamin
Term
Vitamin E -
Definition
alpha-tocopherol; a fat soluble vitamin that is an important antioxidant and protects against free radicals in the body
Supporting users have an ad free experience!