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Biochemistry Test Review
major test!!
50
Biochemistry
9th Grade
09/27/2011

Additional Biochemistry Flashcards

 


 

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Term

Nucleic Acids:

contain:

made of:

such as:

function:

sources:

Definition

-contain C,H,O,N,P

-made of nucleotides

-such as DNA, RNA

-contains genetic info, stores energy, controls enzyme reaction

-all foods

Term

Proteins

contains:

made of: 

such as:

function:

source:

Definition

-contain C,H,O,N,S

-made of amino acids

-such as meats and dairy

-messengers and receptors of messages, defense against disease,skin & hair & muscles.

-meats,legumes

Term

Lipids

contain:

made of:

such as:

function: 

source:

Definition

-contain C,H,O

-made of fatty acids, glycerol

-such as fats, oils, waxes

-storage of energy and C, forms parts of cell membrane,chemical messengers. (also nonpolar)

-liquids of solid fats

 

Term

Carbohydrates

contain:

made of:

such as:

function:

source:

Definition

-contain C,H,O

-made of monosaccharides

-such as sugars,starches,cellulose

-structural material,provides energy or stores energy.

-sugar and starchy food.

Term
4 Categories of Macromolecules
Definition

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Protein, Nucleic Acid

 

 

 

 

Term
Monosaccharides
Definition
  • basic unites of carbs. means "one sugar"
  • are isomers of C6-H12-O6
  • examples: glucose(blood sugar), galactose(milk)
Term
Disaccharides
Definition
  • 2 monos joined by dehydration. 2 simple sugars
  • C12-H22-O11
  • examples: sucrose(glu+fru), lactose(glu+galact), maltose(2 glu)
Term
Polysaccharide
Definition
  • forms complex carbohydrates when simple sugars act as "links" in long "chains". sugars linked together be condensation synthesis
  • examples:
  • starch(energy stared in plants),
  • cellulose (plant cell walls),
  • glycogen (stored in muscles/liver)
Term
Types of Lipids
Definition

Triglycerides, phosolipids, & cholesterol

-Trigly are 3 fatty acids in a group. Types of fatty acides are satured and unsatured.

-Phosolipids form cell membranes and are 2 fatty acids combined with a phosphate group. helps form cell membrane

-Cholesterol is a membrane structure & chemical messenger (sex hormone)

Term
Amino Acids bond by...
Definition
dehydration synthesis (the same as condensation synthesis) and form peptide bonds.
Term
Activation Energy
Definition
energy to start reactions
Term
Saturated Fats
Definition
  • single bonds, join carbon atoms,filled with hydrogen atoms
  • example: solid, animal fat
Term
Unsaturated Fats
Definition

double bonds, join same carbon atoms.

example: liquids, many come from plants

Term
Polyunsaturated
Definition
several double bonds
Term
Structures of Protein (primary, secondary, tertiary)
Definition
  • Primary-sequence of amino acids
  • Secondary-twist in amino chain
  • Tertiary-bonding between adjacent amino acids(determines 3-D shape and function)
Term
Enzymes
Definition
  • protein catalysts
  • they work on substrate molecules
  • not used up in a reaction
  • specific(only works for one type of reaction)
  • destroyed by high temperature.
Term
Catalysis
Definition
when a substrate is changed. can be broken down or combined with another molecule to make something new
Term
Enzyme Inhibitors (things that slow down or stop the activity of an enzyme)
Definition
  • Temperature
  • pH levels
Term
Watson & Crick
Definition
proposed model of DNA in 1853. (double helix)
Term
Johann Mieschar
Definition
discovered DNA in late 1800's
Term
Ribose makes up....
Definition
RNA
Term
Purines
Definition
Adenine, Guanine
Term
Pyramidens
Definition
Cytosine, Thymine
Term
Bases are bonded together by......
Definition

dioxyribose sugar:

A=T

C=G

Term
The sequence of the nucleotide pairs....
Definition
is the code that controls production of all the organisms.
Term
RNA
Definition
  • double strand 
  • composed of nucleotides
  • base Uracil replaces thymine (bonds with adenine)
  • ribose=sugar
Term
ATP 
Definition
  • Adenosine, Triphosphate
  • structure similar to nucleic acids
  • P's in a circle is ATP
Term
Smallest to largest: atom,cell,electron,molecule
Definition
electron, atom, molecule, cell
Term
Ionization
Definition
nonionic compounds are converted into ions
Term
Isotope
Definition
atoms of the same element that have different # of neutrons
Term
Radiocactive Decay
Definition
involves the nucleus,common chemical reactions do not include the nucleus but only the electrons
Term
3 ways an atom can fill it's valence shell
Definition
  1. atoms can lose electrons
  2. atoms can gain electrons
  3. atoms can share electrons
Term
Covalent Bonds
Definition

created when 2 atoms share electrons. (strongest bond)

2 hydrogens and 1 oxygen is removed

Term
Ionic bonds
Definition
weaker than covalent bonds, happens when oppositely charged ions encounter each other, easily formed and broken
Term
Hydrogen Bonds
Definition
  • doesnt involve gaining,losing,or sharing electrons. 
  • important to cellular functions. 
  • occurs between polar functions. weaker than ionic bonds.
Term
The structure of molecules determine.....
Definition
its function
Term
Condensation Synthesis (same thing as dehydration)
Definition
joining 2 water molecules be removing water
Term
hydrosis
Definition
inserts a water molecule between 2. "cut with water"
Term
Starch
Definition
  • function:stores extra glucose
  • structure:long straight chains of glucose;glucose molecules face the same way
Term
Cellulose
Definition
  • functions: forms cell walls
  • structure: long straight chains of glucose; glucose molecules are flipped over
Term
Glycogen
Definition
  • function: stores glucose in the liver
  • structure: long branching chains of glucose
Term
Chitin
Definition
  • function: structural polyssacharide
  • structure: long chains of glucose but with molecular substitution in each of the glusose rings
Term
______ do not contain any charged functional group and is nonpolar. (one of 4 macromolecules)
Definition
Lipids
Term
A covalent bond forms by____
Definition
condensation synthesis
Term
Monoglyceride,Diglyceride,and Tryglyceride
Definition
if the lipid has 1 fatty acid is is a mono-, 2 is di- and 3 is tri-
Term
Cholesterol is responsible....
Definition
for the formation of plaques in smaller arteries causing blockage
Term
Polypeptide is....
Definition
a long chain of amino acids
Term
Cohesion
Definition
water molecules sticking together
Term
Adhesion
Definition
when water sticks to other substances
Term
5 Characteristics of Water
Definition
  • cells are 70-95% water
  • has 3 states
  • universal solvent
  • polar
  • surface tension
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