Term
| Dietary Reference intakes |
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Definition
| comprise a set of reference values for specific nutrients, each category of which has special uses |
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Term
| recommended daily allowance |
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Definition
| The levels of intake of essential nutrients that are adequate to meet nutrient needs of practically all healthy persons |
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Term
| estimated average requirement |
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Definition
A daily nutrient intake value that is estimated to meet the requirement of half of the healthy individuals in a life stage and gender group
Used to assess dietary adequacy and as the basis for the RDA.
Used to estimate actual requirements in groups |
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Term
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Definition
A recommended intake value based on observed or experimentally determined approximations or estimates of nutrient intake by a group (or groups) of healthy people, that are assumed to be adequate
Used when an RDA cannot be determined |
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Term
| tolerable upper intake level |
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Definition
| the highest level of daily nutrient intake that is likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects for almost all individuals in the general population. |
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Term
| estimated energy requirement |
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Definition
| Average dietary energy intake that is predicted to maintain energy balance in a healthy adult of a defined age, gender, weight, height, and level of physical activity consistent with good health |
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Term
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Definition
Rate of metabolism that occurs when an individual is at rest in a warm environment and is in the post absorptive state
sufficient for the vital organs such as the heart, lungs, nervous system, and kidneys
Determined by:
Age.
Gender
Body surface area
Thyroid secretion |
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Term
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Definition
Represents the body’s processing of food, including “the digestion, absorption, transport, metabolism, and storage of energy from ingested food.”
Contributes approximately 10-20% to the daily total energy expenditure
Protein is the most thermogenic macronutrient |
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Term
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Definition
| Recommend a total fat intake between __ and __ percent of calories for adults |
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Term
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Definition
___ is thought to be the culprit in coronary heart disease (CHD)
___ is seen as desirable |
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Term
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Definition
| what is the most important class in the dietary fats? |
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Term
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Definition
Plant sterols
Hydrogenated esters of plant sterols (sitosterol esters) decrease ___ concentrations
By inhibiting intestinal absorption of dietary cholesterol and cholesterol secreted into bile |
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Term
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Definition
| Decrease Homocysteine levels decreased risk of cardiovascular disease |
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Term
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Definition
| phenolic compounds inhibit ____ ____- |
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Term
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Definition
Major disaccharide in most diets.
Present in honey, maple sugar, fruits, berries, and vegetables.
May be added to food products as liquid or crystalline or as invert sugar |
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Term
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Definition
| is the most important, abundant, digestible food polysaccharide |
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Term
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Definition
Considered to be composed of non-starch polysaccharides plus lignin.
Consists of cellulose, hemicelluloses, pectic substances, hydrocolloids (gums and mucilages), resistant starches, and resistant oligosaccharides |
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Term
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Definition
Increases stool bulkprevents constipation,
associated with decreased risk of developing colon cancer. |
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Term
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Definition
Delays gastric emptying,
Slows the absorption of glucose into the bloodstream and
Inhibits cholesterol absorption
Sources : Fruits, vegetables, oat bran, legumes, barley, nuts and seeds are all good sources of soluble fiber. |
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Term
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Definition
| what kind of food is High in lysine, low in methionine |
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Term
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Definition
| what type of food is High in methionine, low in lysine |
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Term
| positive nitrogen balance |
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Definition
| when the total nitrogen excreted in the urine, feces and sweat is less than the total nitrogen ingested |
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Term
| protein energy malnutrition |
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Definition
refers to a range of clinical syndromes characterized by an inadequate dietary intake of protein and calories to meet the body's needs
Common in third world countries, where up to 25% of children may be affected |
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Term
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Definition
Caused primarily by severe reduction in caloric intake.
It results in greater than 60% reduction in body weight adjusted for height and sex.
A child with marasmus suffers growth retardation and loss of muscle
loss of muscle and subcutaneous fat extremities are emaciated;
By comparison, the head appears too large for the body.
Anemia and manifestations of multivitamin deficiencies & evidence of immune deficiency, present concurrent infections |
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Term
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Definition
Protein deprivation relatively greater than the reduction in total calories.
Most common form seen in African children who have been weaned (often too early, owing to the arrival of another child) and are subsequently fed an exclusively carbohydrate diet
More severe form of malnutrition
Hypoalbuminemia generalized, or dependent, edema
Relative sparing of subcutaneous fat and muscle mass. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a decrease in plasma calcium concentration leads to the stimumlation and secretion of what hormone |
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Term
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Definition
| an increase in plasma calcium concentration leads to what chemical being secreted |
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Term
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Definition
| primary hyperparathyroidism, malignant disease and vitamin D deficiency result in ___ |
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Term
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Definition
| Iron is transported as _____ and stored as ____ |
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Term
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Definition
a Deficiency in this mineral
Leads to deficient erythropoeisis and hypochromic (normochromic), microcytic anemia
Seen in infants, adolescents, pregnant and menstruating women, elderly |
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Term
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Definition
Important for skeletal development, maintenance of electrical potential of nerve and muscle membranes
Cofactor for ATP requiring enzymes
For replication and transcription
Deficiency
starvation, malabsorption, diarrhea and vomiting, diuretics and in acute Pancreatitis and alcoholism
Often accompanied by Hypocalcemia
Muscle weakness and cardiac arrhythmias |
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Term
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Definition
Component of numerous enzymes
Absorption
Along with copper and iron
Transport bound to metallothioneine
Deficiency
Affects growth, skin integrity and wound healing
Children growth retardation, skin lesions, impaired sexual development
Inherited defect in absorption Acrodermatitis enteropathica
Burns patients, renal disease, dialysis, |
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Term
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Definition
Associated with several oxygenase enzymes
Scavenging free radicals (SOD) and cross linking collagen (Lysyl oxidase)
Absorption –with iron and zinc
Associated with metallothioneine
Deficiency
Decreased intake or excessive loss (dialysis)
Microcytic, hypochromic anemia resistant to iron therapy
Neutropenia
Bleeding due to defects in elastin and collagen production
Excess Wilson’s disease |
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Term
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Definition
Occurs as selenomethionine and selenocysteine
Part of Glutathione peroxidase, type I iodothyronine 5-deiodinase, selenoprotein P & selenoprotein W
Deficiency –during parenteral nutrition, lactation, deficiency in diet
Chronic muscle pain, abnormal nail beds, and cardiomyopathy ( Keshan’s disease)
Excess –cirrhosis, splenomegaly, gastrointestinal bleeding and depression |
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