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Definition
| system of glands and organs containing tissues that produce hormones to regulate body development. and which interacts with nervous system to promote homeostasis. |
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Term
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Definition
`one of a # of molecules secreted in one part of an oganism that regulate function of cells/organ systems.
secreted in minute amouts by cells in the endocrine system
move through blood stream to bind with RECEPTORS in specific cells
once bound, influences target cell
other cells without the correct receptors are not directly effected |
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| complexity of endocrine system (glands) |
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Definition
pineal gland, parthryoid gland, adrenal gland, pituitary gland, thyroid gland
main function: homeostasis |
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Definition
| water soluble and lipid soluble hormones |
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Definition
include steroid hormones derive from cholesterol
move easily thru cell membranes
bind with receptors in cytoplasm or nucleus
complex attaches to dna and activates genes
translation + transcription (gene synthesis)
enzymes produced that alter activity of cell |
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| water soluble hormones (trigger) |
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Definition
tend to act MORE QUICKLY.
protein(peptide) hormones
cannot pass thru membranes
bind with receptors on cell surface which activates a second molecule in cytoplasm, that then influences enzymes in cell |
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Term
regulation of hormones-
stimuli that cause the production and release of hormones: |
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Definition
signals from nervous system
other hormones
changes in ion levels
changes in nutrient levels in blood |
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Definition
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| examples of regulation by neg feedback |
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Definition
pancreas senses high level of GLUCOSE in blood and secretes insulin
insulin prompts liver to store glucose
glucose levels in blood drop
pancreas senses low level of glucose in blood, stops secreting insulin |
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Term
| interactions betwn hormones |
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Definition
antagonistic: ex. pancreas secretes insulin AND glucagon
synergistic: ex. epine and glucagon both prompt liver release of glucose
permissive: ex. one hormone must be present for other to work. |
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Definition
specialized neurons
transmit and generate nerve impulses AND secrete hormones.
in effect, both neurons and endocrine cells. |
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Definition
| connective tissue. specialized. |
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Definition
transport (nutrients, wastes)
protection (immune cells)
regulation (body temp. buffers) |
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Definition
plasma = liquid matrix
FORMED ELEMENTS: (from red bone marrow stem cells.)
-platelets
-white blood cells
-red blood cells
-fibers |
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Definition
aka Leuokocutes. produced in erd bone marrow.
house keeping - remove damaged cells
immune cells - fight disease |
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Definition
granulocytes - large sacs full of cell killing chemicals
agranulocutes - lack large granules |
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Definition
neutrophils- most abundant. first to site of infection. phagocytosis.
eosinophils- contain toxins against parasitic worms.
basophils- release histamines (chemicals that attract WBO) |
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Definition
monocytes - largest WBC. become MACROPHAGES outside of bloodstream. engulf dead cells.
lymphocytes- specific immunity cells |
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Definition
-B cells: produce antibodies that recognize antigens
-T cells: cellular defense |
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Definition
erythrocytes. most abundant formed element.
contains hemoglobin (oxygen carrying molecule)
transports oxygen from lungs to cells (also can carry CO2 from cells to lungs) |
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Definition
biconcave disc:
-maximizes surface area to volume -ratio
-forms stacks
-flexible
-no nuclei and few organelles (mostly a sac of hemoglobin) |
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Definition
each made of 4 polypeptide chains
each chain contains iron ion (that binds to oxygen)
each RBC contains about 280 million hemoglobin molecules |
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Term
regulation of RBC
(neg feedback loop) |
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Definition
| kidney senses O2 in blood > if low, releases erythoprotein hormones > EPO acts on red bone marrow to increase RBC production > mature RBCs released > (fig 11.5 didnt write this down) |
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Definition
Rh factor - based on presence/absence of surface antigen on RBC.
no Rh factor on RBC = Rh-
Rh factor = Rh+
inheritance
rh+ = dominant |
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Definition
heart and blood vessels
function: move flood
active system |
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Definition
conduct blood thruout the body
arranged as branching networks
3 main types:
arteries - take blood away from heart
veins - toward heart
capillaries - site of exchange. |
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Definition
a circle.
heart > artery > arteriole > capillaries > venule > vein > heart |
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Definition
movement of blood toward heart cause by:
gravity
pressure of blood pumped from heart associated with blackflow valves
skeletal muscle contraction |
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Definition
tight
microscopic blood vessels
sites of nutrient and gas exchange (diffusion)
substances are exchanged between the blood and tissue fluids across the plasma membrane of the capillary cells or thru slits btwn capillary cells |
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Definition
70 contractions per min. pumps 5 liters per min.
comprised of two separate pumps:
right side pumps blood to lungs
left side pumps blood to body cells |
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Definition
aorta
pulmonary veins
oxygen RICH from lungs |
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Definition
superior and inferior vena cava
pulmonary artery
oxygen POOR from body to lungs |
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Definition
cardiac muscle cells are packed together ad have interweaved membranes
this allows electrical signal to SPREAD RAPIDLY across heart.
also allows muscle cells to work together during contractions |
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Definition
sinoatrial node - SA node fires
atrioventricular node - stimulus spread across atria and to AV node. start of atrial contraction
relays signal to specialized muscle cells that penetrate the ventricles (start of ventricle contraction) |
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Definition
system that returns INTERSTITIAL fluids (bathe cells) back to bloodstream.
protects and transports
returns products of fat digestion from small intestine. |
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Term
| main parts of lymphatic system |
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Definition
lymph (liquid)
lymph nodes: filter lymph. has macrophages and lymphocytes.
spleen
thymus |
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Definition
major cause of death in us
high blood pressure + hypertension
heart damage. kidney damage. blood vessel damage.
lifestyle most important. |
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Term
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Definition
ATHEROSOLEROSIS (hardening)
and coronary artery deasease in walls
buildup of fatty substances of arteries.
associated with a complex inflammatory response. |
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Term
| digestive system functions |
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Definition
breakdown macromolecules into absorbable units. forming molecules small enough to absorb into bloodstream.
rid body of wastes. |
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Term
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Definition
mucosa - mucus secreting membrane
submucosa - connective tissue: blood + lymph vessels, nerves
muscularis - two layers of smooth muscle
serosa - connective tissue that secretes a fluid |
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Definition
mechanical digestion - jaw, teeth, tongue
moistens- saliva
start of chemical digestion: amylase- enzyme that digests starch
monitors food quality: nerves, taste bud(receptors) |
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Definition
throat.
passage way for food and air. |
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Definition
muscular tube that conducts food from pharynx to stomach.
movement via PERISTALSIS
(inner circular layer of muscle cause contraction
outer layer cause shortening of contracting period) |
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Definition
muscular structure- 3 layers.
stores food
mechanical digestion (liquifies food in hours into CHYME)
chemical digestion of proteins |
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Term
stomach
chemicals in digestion: |
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Definition
pepsin - protein digesting enzyme
hydrochloric acid - kills most bacteria. breaks down connective tissue. |
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Term
| PREVENTION OF SELF DIGESTION: |
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Definition
mucus (alkalane/basic)
inactive pepsin (without HCI) = pepsinogen
high replacement rate of cells |
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Term
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Definition
heartburn: valve that keeps stuff in stomach is weak
stomach contents move up esophagus
ulcer: peptic ulcers
stomach lining eroded by gastric juices. causes-
-use of NSAIDs
-heliobacter (inflammation) |
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Term
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Definition
absorption
very large surface area:
-folds
-villi
-microvilli |
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Definition
bile
liver produces bile which is stored in gallbladder and released into small intestine
pancreas produces digestive enzymes and juices that neutralize stomach acid |
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Definition
filters and detoxifies blood
produces bile
packages lipids |
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Definition
| variety of viruses that destroy liver cells |
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Definition
water (re) absorption
vitamin absorption
bacteria
feces storage and elimination |
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Term
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Definition
energy sources (for the formation of ATP)
building blocks (ex. amino acids)
vitamins as coenzymes
minerals
water (chemical reactions, temperature regulation) |
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Term
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Definition
essential nutrients - MUST be acquired thru food
nonessential nutrients - can be synthesized in body |
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Term
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Definition
insoluble in water
saturated: with hydrogens
unsaturated: has kink
trans fats
triglycerides: 95% of fats in food |
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Term
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Definition
energy storage
certain fats are important for structure:
-cholesterol in membranes
-steroid hormones
-myelin sheaths (fats are components of it)
insulator (poor conductor of heat)
protection/shock absorption
absorption of some vitamins (a, d, e, k associated with fat absorbed) |
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Term
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Definition
average you need about 1 tbsp of fat
most consume 6 - 8 |
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Term
| high fat in diet associated with: |
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Definition
obesity (high blood pressure, diabetes)
certain cancers (colon, prostate)
linked to atherosclerosis |
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Term
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Definition
tpye of fat.
consumed in food, but MOST synthesized by the liver.
binds with proteins and triglycerides to be carried around body (lipoproteins)
LDL (low density liporpoteins) carry it to cells and artery walls
HDL carry it away from cells and walls |
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Term
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Definition
saturated fats raise LDL levels (beef, pig, chicken)
trans fats raise LDL AND lower HDL (soy)
mono-unsaturated and poly-unsaturated fats (omega3 omega6) lower LDL
(nuts, olives, canola, corn, oils) |
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Term
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Definition
sugar, strch, fiber
energy source
predominately from plants
simple carb
complex carb |
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Definition
sugars, mono, di
we mostly have refined carbs stripped of vitamins and fiber |
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Definition
starch and fiber
starches are broken down during digestion into simple sugars. fibers pass thru. |
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Term
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Definition
how quick a food is converted to blood sugar
how much it affects blood sugar levels:
-high glycemic load= high processed bread/cereals
-low glycemic load= whole fruit, vegetables, whole grain |
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Definition
pancreas - senses blood sugar level, releases insulin
insulin - acts to increase glucose absorption by liver
liver
glucagon - signals liver to release |
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Definition
we eat to gain amino acids to make our own proteins
complete proteins - contain all essential amino acids
incomplete proteins - not all essential, some |
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Term
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Definition
small carbon containing compounds
only 13 needed
assist enzymes
except for D, we must acquire from food
water soluble = c + b
fat soluble = a, d, e, k
TABLE 15a.1 |
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Term
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Definition
INORGANIC substances (elements)
used for a variety of purposes
SEVEN are needed in large amounts (calcium phosph magne potass chloride sodium sulfur)
need trace amounts of others
table 15a.2 |
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Term
sexually transmitted BACTERIA
name the 3 |
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Definition
not virus.
chlamydia - epidemic
gonorrhea
syphillis |
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Term
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Definition
infect mucus membranes
common symptoms: urinary tract infection.
treatable with antibiotics. long term causes sterility. |
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Term
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Definition
invades mucuous membranes or thru broken skin
can cross placenta to fetus
treatable in early stages
three stages:
-hard painless bump at infection
-reddish brown rash over entire body
-lesions on skin, nervous tissue, bone, and blood vessels. |
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Term
sexually transmitted viruses
2 |
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Definition
herpes simplex virus1 - lips
hsv2 - genitals |
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Term
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Definition
contagious, spread by contact
common symptoms: genital gerpes, fever, aching muscles, swollen lymph. sometimes asymptomatic.
NO CURE.
newborn infection possible |
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Term
| human papillomaviruses (HPVS) |
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Definition
genital warts
contagious by contact
symptoms: warts in vagina, anus, cevix
most people dont know their infected |
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Term
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Definition
epidemic in US
treatable (freezing, burning, ect)
body's defenses CAN eliminate infections
some hpvs linked to cancer:
cervical, penile, throat |
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Term
| human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) |
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Definition
causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome
acquired thru contact in mucus membrane/broken skin/blood to blood
commonly infects HELPER T CELLS |
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Term
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Definition
initial infection
asymptomatic stage
initial disease
early immune failure and AIDs |
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Term
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Definition
virus replicates in body
immune system makes antibodies
may have symptoms of enlarged lymph nodes, fatigue, fever, brain disorders.
contagious stage |
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Term
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Definition
over weeks/months, immune system defends
virus retreats to organs, particularly lymph nodes.
replicate in helper t cells in lymph. |
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Term
| hiv initial disease stage |
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Definition
immune system falters, helper t cells decline
swollen lymph nodes
wasting syndrome (weight loss)
neurological disorders (spreads to brain, spinal, or pns) |
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Term
| hiv early immune failure and aids stage |
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Definition
immune system starts to collapse
infections associated with weak immune system: thrush, shingles
immune system crashes. helper t cells low.
AIDs.
you dont die of aids, but the pathogens that invade and cancers that spread thanks to it. |
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Term
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Definition
organisms that cause diesease/infection
bacteria, viruses, protozoans, fungi, parisitic worms, prions (infectious proteins) |
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Term
| body's 3 lines of defense |
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Definition
1. physical and chemical barriers
2. internal cellular and chemical defenses (attack)
3. immune responses (destroy specific invaders, remember them) |
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Term
| physical and chemical barriers |
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Definition
skin/sweat/oil.
mucus membranes- trap microbes.
chemical barriers- stomach: acid and protein digesting pepsid enzyme. also saliva.
beneficial bacteria- in intestines, appear to limit invasion thru competition. |
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Term
internal cellular and chem defenses
5 |
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Definition
Defensive cells: WBCs.
Defensive proteins: interferons.
Complement systems
Inflammation
Fever |
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Term
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Definition
WBCs. leokocytes. phagocytes. natural killer cells.
main types- neutrophils (most abundant) monocytes (largest)(become macrophages) |
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Term
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Definition
interferons. proteins released by virus-infected cells that attract NK cells and macrophages.
also signal that warns other cells. |
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Definition
proteins that complement body defense. can directly make holes in cell membranes. attract macro and neutros.
stimulate blood vessel widening for WBCs (inflammation) |
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Term
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Definition
response by defensive cells and chemicals to infection.
redness
heat
swelling - histamines (induce swelling which makes capillaries weaker)
pain |
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Term
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Definition
caused by Pyrogens - raise the temp set point in hypothalamus
mild moderate temp appears to help body fight infections. increased metabolic rate which speeds up defenses and repair. stimulates liver and spleen to remove bacteria. |
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Term
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Definition
specific defense response and memory
defensive cells recognize specific invader. (nonself = antigen. triggers immune response.)
lymphocytes:
-B cells
-T cells |
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Term
| steps in adaptive immune response |
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Definition
threat
detection
alert
alarm
attack (defense) |
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Term
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Definition
pathogen evades first two lienes of defense (phago and chemical/phsyical barriers)
and enters body |
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Term
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Definition
| macrophage encounters pathogen, digests it, then transports some of its proteins onto cell surface |
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Term
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Definition
| macrophage with antigens on it encounters SPECIFIC helper t cell that recognizes antigen |
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Term
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Definition
| helper t cell secretes chemical message that activates t/b cells with ability to bind to antigen |
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Term
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Definition
| activated b or t cells start rapid mitotic division making 'effector cells' that attack pathogen. (clone army) |
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Term
| adaptive immune response final step |
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Definition
activated b or t cells ALSO produce some MEMORY cells that can recognize and respond to antigen. can live for years.
second response is much quicker. |
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