P - Need for ATP and in bones

K - action potential

S - structure of proteins

Macro - used to form buidling blocks for ATP

Micro - used as regulatory molecules 

• Maintain structure and function of proteins
• Control charges across membranes
• Cofactors in reduction and oxidation reactiosn
• Components of cells and tissues
• Signal messengers

• Cofactors or coezymes
• Participants in oxidation-reduction reations
• Precursors of biologically active molecules
• Act as hormones
• Important in development 

Fat - A, D, E, K

Water - B and C

1. Glucose
2. Galactose
3. Fructose

1. Maltose = glucose + glucose
2. Sucrose = glucose + fructose
3. Lactose = glucose + galactose

• Energy
• Membrane structure
• Biological regulators
• Insulation 

Saturated - no double bonds; "saturated" with hydrogens

Unsaturated - contains double bonds

First law - energy cannot be created or destroyed

Second law - every time energy is transformed, you lose a little to entropy 

• The transfer or relocation of electrons
• Lose electrons = oxidation
• Gain electrons = reduction
• Donate electrons = reducing agent
• Accepting electrons = oxidizing agent 

1. Nitrogen base
2. 5 carbon sugar
3. phosphate group

Purines (A and G) are larger

Pyrimidine (C,T and U) are smaller 

1. Fermentation - partial degradation of sugars and other organic fuels without oxygen
2. Aerobic respiration - oxygen is consumed with each reactant
3. Cellular Respiration - includes both aerobic and anaerobic processes

Each Acetyl CoA that enters produces 3 NADH, 1 FADH, 2 CO2 and 1 ATP

(Since glucose can make 2 Acetyl CoA, double these numbers)

Pyruvate is directly reduced to NADH to form lactate as a produce 

NO CO2 RELEASE

Carry out fermentation or anaerobic respiration

CANNOT SURVIVE IN OXYGEN

1. Glycolysis
2. Pyruvate Oxidation (Acetyl CoA)
3. Citric Acid Cycle
4. Oxidative Phosphorlyation (ETC and Chemiosmosis)

Reactants: Glucose and 6 oxygen

Products: 6 CO2, 6 water and ATP

• 4 ATP
• 2 FADH2
• 10 NADH

Dependant on organic compounds for energy and carbon source 

HUMANS 

Define the following:

1. Substrate feeders
2. Fluid feeders
3. Suspension feeders
4. Filter feeders
5. Bulk feeders

1. Substrate feeders - live in or on their food source (moths)
2. Fluid feeders - suck nutrient rich from host (mosquitos)
3. Suspension feeders - eat small organisms or food particles suspended in water (clams)
4. Filter feeders - move water through filtering structure (Humpback whale)
5. Bulk feeders - eat relatively large pieces of food (snakes, humans)

For breakdown of old, worn down parts of the cell; many simple organisms use this method

Occurs in vacuoles and lysosomes

Blood glucose levels rise = secrete insulin

Blood glucose levels drop = secrete glycogon

Carnivores - large temporalis, small masseter; up and down mastication

Herbivores - large masseter, small temporalis; side to side mastication

Hind-gut - fermentation chamber is behind small intestine (horses)

Fore-gut - fermentation chamber is before small intestine (ruminants)

• Even toed ungulates (hoof)
• fore-gut fermentors
• over 250 species

• Odd-toed ungulates
• Hind-gut fermentors 

1. Rumen (largest)
2. Reticulum
3. Omasum
4. Abomasum