Term
| respiratory system - conducting portion |
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Definition
| series of tubes that conduct air from the external environment to the lungs and back |
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Term
| respiratory system - respiratory portion |
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Definition
| the site of exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between air and the bloodstream |
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Term
| parts of the upper respiratory system |
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Definition
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Term
| parts of the lower respiratory system |
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Definition
- larynx
- trachea
- bronchi
- lungs
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Term
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Definition
| nostrils/mouth --> nasal conchae (warms air) --> nasopharynx --> oropharynx --> larynx --> trachea |
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Term
| components of mucosa -- innermost layer |
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Definition
- epithelium - tall columnar in trachea, cuboidal in bronchioles, squamous in alveoli
- lamina propria - supporting layer of loose connective tissue
- elastic layer/muscularis mucosa - thin elastic layer in trachea regulates airway diameter, replaced by smooth muscle in bronchi
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Term
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Definition
| supporting layer of loose connective tissue that contains clusters of tracheal glands |
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Term
| hyaline cartilage of airways |
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Definition
- begins as band partially surrounding trachea to prevent collapse
- separates into plates and smaller rods further down tree
- disappears at bronchioles
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Term
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Definition
| outer layer of connective tissue |
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Term
| histological features of trachea and bronchi |
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Definition
- epithelium of pseudostratified ciliated columnar cells (changing to ciliated simple columnar in bronchioles)
- goblet cells
- submucosal mucous glands
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Term
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Definition
- simple columnar epithelium
- cilia and goblet cells
- no cartilage or glands
- relatively thick muscle
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Term
| histology of terminal bronchioles |
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Definition
- low columnar epithelium
- no goblet cells
- muscle still present
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Term
| histology of respiratory bronchioles |
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Definition
- simple cuboidal epithelium
- alveoli interrupt duct
- muscle still present
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Term
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Definition
- back to back simple squamous epithelial and endothelial cells
- no muscle present
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Term
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Definition
| polyhedral sacs, 600 million present, with no smooth muscle and very thin walls, contain three kind of cells, site of gas exchange |
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Term
| simple squamous Type I alveolar cells |
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Definition
| form most of the alveolar wall, contain tight junctions with each other to prevent the leakage of tissue fluid into alveolar air spaces |
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Term
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Definition
| form tight junctions with type I cells, secrete surfactant |
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Term
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Definition
| lipoprotein material, reduces surface tension in the alveoli -- reduces effort required for inspiration |
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Term
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Definition
| present in the interior of the alveolar walls; able to move to lyphatic vessels, connective tissue, or pleura; often contain bacteria and phagocytized carbon particles in their cytoplasm |
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Term
| pathway of oxygen from alveolar air into blood |
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Definition
- alveolar fluid with surfactant
- simple squamous epithelial cells of alveolus
- basement membrane of type I cells
- basement membrane of capillary endothelium
- capillary endothelial cell
- blood plasma
- RBC membrane
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Term
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Definition
| nourishes the trachea and airways of the bronchial tree with oxygen-rich blood, arise from the arteries |
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Term
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Definition
| carry roughly 99% of blood to the lungs, oxygen-poor |
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Term
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Definition
| infection in the alveolar tissue of the lung in which exudate (fluid due to inflammation) fills the alveoli, thereby rendering them airless and solid |
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Term
| chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD) |
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Definition
| diseases such as bronchitis and emphysema; characterized by significant airflow obstruction that causes coughing, wheezing, and dyspnea |
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Term
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Definition
| prolonged inflammation of the bronchi, most often due to cigarette smoking, which leads to a chronic increase in bronchial mucus and causes shortness of breath and a chronic coughwith expectoration |
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Term
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Definition
| disintegration of alveolar walls, producing abnormally large air spaces that remain filled with air during expiration; blood oxygen level is somewhat lowered and compliance increases due to loss of elastic fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| characterized by chronic airway inflammation, airway hypersensitivity to a variety of stimuli, and airway obstruction that is at least partially reversible |
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Term
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Definition
| progressive destruction of lung tissue due to intracellular parasites that spread locally by migration of microphages |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of diseases produced by the inhalation of dust |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs in miners and in those whose work entails exposure to silica dust, which leads to a chronic inflammatory condition that leads to marked fibrosis of the alveolar walls |
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Term
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Definition
| affects workers who fabircate asbestos fibers but not the miners who quarry it, predisposes the patient to cancer of the lung and to mesothelioma of the pleura |
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Term
| coal worker's pneumoconiosis (black lung disease) |
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Definition
| due to the inhalation of carbon, very little inflammatory reaction or fibrosis unless there is coexistent silicosis |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of air into and out of the lungs, results from pressure difference between the pulmonary air and the atmosphere |
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Term
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Definition
| the muscle that regulates the thoracic volume in normal ventilation |
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Term
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Definition
| the amount of air inhaled or exhaled in a normal quiet breath, averaging 350-800 mL/breath in adults |
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Term
| inspiratory reserve volume |
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Definition
| extra volume of air that can be inspired over and above the normal tidal volume |
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Term
| expiratory reserve volume |
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Definition
| the amount of air that can still be expired by forceful expiration at the end of a normal tidal expiration |
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Term
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Definition
| the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal (forced) exhalation; cannot be measured, just estimated |
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Term
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Definition
| tidal volume plus inspiratory reserve volume, or the maximum amount of gas that can be inhaled after a normal exhalation |
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Term
| functional residual capacity |
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Definition
| expiratory reserve volume plus reserve volume, or the amount of gas left in the lungs after a normal exhilation |
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Term
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Definition
| inspiratory reserve volume plus total volume plus expiratory reserve volume, or the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximal inhalation (total amount of air you can move in and out) |
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Term
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Definition
| the total amount of gas in the lungs after a maximal forced inspiration |
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Term
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Definition
decreased airway diameter (emphysema, bronchitis, and asthma)
reduced FEVv, FEV1/VC, MVV |
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Term
| restrictive lung disorders |
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Definition
reduction in the total lung capacity with a normal ability to move air rapidly (pulmonary fibrosis, TB, pulmonary edema, pneumonia, or polio)
TLC, VC |
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Term
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Definition
| primary reproductive organs, testes in males and ovaries in females |
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Term
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Definition
1. production of reproductive cells
2. secretion of sex hormones |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| site of maturation of sperm, where they become motile and fertile |
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Term
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Definition
| storage site for sperm, smooth muscled walls propel semen into urethra |
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Term
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Definition
| secretes alkaline fluid with sperm to help neutralize acidic environment of female reproductive tract, and fructose to serve as an energy source to power the contractile apparatus of the sperm tail |
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Term
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Definition
| surrounds ejaculatory duct, secretes thin, milky fluid |
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Term
| bulbourethral glands (Cowper's glands) |
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Definition
| two pea-sized glands that release thick mucous fluid into urethra in response to sexual stimulation |
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Term
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Definition
| undifferentiated germ cells lining the periphery of each seminiferous tubule, undergo spermatogenesis at the age of sexual maturity |
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Term
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Definition
| contain 2n chromosomes, undergo meiosis to eventually produce sperm |
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Term
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Definition
| contains n chromosomes, result of meiosis I in primary spermatocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| result of meiosis II in secondary spermatocytes, continue to mature into spermatozoa |
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Term
| FSH - follicle stimulating hormone |
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Definition
| secreted by anterior pituitary, stimulates spermatogenesis |
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Term
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Definition
| held together by tight junctions at bases and form continuous barrier, support and nourish spermatogenic cells |
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Term
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Definition
| secrete testosterone, found in the spaces between the seminiferous tubules |
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Term
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Definition
| regulates testosterone secretion by Leydig cells, secreted by anterior pituitary |
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Term
| GnRH - gonadotropin releasing hormone |
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Definition
| secreted from the hypothalamus, controls release of gonadotropins (LH and FSH) |
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Term
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Definition
| precursors to ova, production of which starts during fetal development |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of a primary oocyte surrounded by a single layer of flattened cells |
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Term
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Definition
| primordial follicles stimulated to grow, surrounded by one layer of follicular cells and 6-7 layers of granulosa cells, undergoes meiosis I to result in a secondary oocyte |
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Term
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Definition
| contains n chromosomes and a small polar body, results from meiosis I of the primary follicle |
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Term
| first step in follicle development |
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Definition
| the ovum in each follicle begins to enlarge, zona pellucida appears along with granulosa and theca cells that secrete fluid that accumulates within the follicle |
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Term
| second step in follicle development |
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Definition
| estrogen is secreted by secondary follicle, oocyte becomes embedded in granulosa cells, decreased FSH levels caused by estrogen causes formation of dominant follicle |
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Term
| third step in follicle development |
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Definition
| dominant follicle grows to mature (graafian) follicle, LH level increases dramatically with small increase in FSH that cause swelling of follicle that culminates in ovulation |
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Term
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Definition
| egg cell, with corona radiata and follicular fluid, is expelled from ovary and caught by fimbrae |
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Term
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Definition
| corpus luteum formation stimulated by LH, secretes progesterone and additional estrogen that inhibit release of LH and FSH so additional follicles don't develop, also stimulate changes in lining of uterus |
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Term
| sixth step in fertilization |
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Definition
| (no fertilization) corpus luteum ceases to produce hormones and degenerates into corpus albicans, declining levels of progesterone and estrogen lead to increased levels of FSH and LH |
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Term
| hCG - human chorionic gonadotropin |
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Definition
| hormone produced by placenta after ovum is fertilized, allows corpus luteum to persist |
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Term
| three layers of uterus (deep to superficial) |
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Definition
| endometrium, myometrium, perimetrium |
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Term
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Definition
| columnar secretory epithelium supported by lamina propria of connective tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| layer of uterine tissue composed of smooth muscle |
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Term
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Definition
| outermost layer of serous membrane of uterus |
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Term
| phases of the menstrual cycle |
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Definition
1. proliferation phase
2. secretory phase
3. menstrual phase |
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Term
| proliferation phase of menstrual cycle |
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Definition
| growing ovarian follicles secrete estrogen, which stimulates growth of endometrium and arterioles that nourish it |
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Term
| secretory phase of menstrual cycle |
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Definition
| progesterone causes endometrium to become an active secretory tissue, uterine glands become filled with glycogen and mucin, and arterioles continue to grow. changes provide hospitable environment for fertilized ovum to implant. |
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Term
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Definition
| if fertilization does not occur, progesterone and estrogen levels drop. arterioles constrict and endometrium dies and sloughs off. |
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Term
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Definition
| fertilization of secondary oocyte with sperm, triggers block to polyspermy |
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Term
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Definition
| hollow portion of skull that contains brain |
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Term
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Definition
| long tubular canal within vertebrae that contains the spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| large cavity that encompasses chest and abdominal regions |
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Term
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Definition
| the upper portion of ventral cavity located above the diaphragm, consists of four portions: right/left pleural cavities, mediastinum, and pericardial cavity |
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Term
| pleural cavities (right and left) |
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Definition
| cavities containing the right and left lungs |
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Term
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Definition
| space between the pleural cavities that contains the pericardial cavity, a portion of the esophagus and trachea, the thymus, the aorta and vena cavae, pulmonary artery and veins, and lymph vessels and nerves |
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Term
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Definition
| portion of the ventral cavity that is inferior to the diaphragm, consists of abdominal and pelvic cavities |
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Term
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Definition
| the cavity that contains the stomach, liver, appendix, gallbladder, spleen, small intestine, and most of the large intestine |
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Term
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Definition
| the cavity that contains the urinary bladder, sigmoid colon, rectum, uterus, and ovaries |
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Term
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Definition
| self-secreted fluid that eases the movement of the viscera against the cavity walls |
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Term
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Definition
| membranes that line the pleural cavities |
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Term
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Definition
| membranes that cover the lungs |
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Term
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Definition
| the double layered membrane that surrounds the heart |
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Term
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Definition
| the serous membrane of the abdominal cavity |
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Term
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Definition
| double-layered folds in the peritoneum, extend from the body wall to the viscera and hold organs in place |
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