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| branch of biology which studies the relationships of organisms with their environment. |
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| arranging organisms into groups based on similarities in evolutionary relationships. |
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| study of the classification of all living organisms |
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| any unit of classification |
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| Biologists have identified about _______________ species of living organisms. |
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| Globally, the rate of species loss may be 50 times _______ now than at any time in the past 100,000 years. |
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| group of similar organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring. |
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system of naming organisms which uses Latin genus and species names.
ex: Eastern Bluebird: Sialia Sialis; Western Bluebird: Sialia mexicana) |
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| Carolus Linnaeus (Carl von Linne) |
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| "Father of Taxonomy" 1750, developed systme of binomial nomenclature |
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| first letter captialized & underlined (or in italics) |
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| Genus + trivial name (lower case & italics) |
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| scientific study of organism diversity and their evolutionary relationships |
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| "Production of phyla" Complete evolutionary history of a group of organisms |
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| A group of organisms ith a common ancestor and all of its descendents. |
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| the methods used to group species; based on molecular techniques |
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| tree diagram that shows evolutionary relationships based on cladistics |
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| Shared Ancestral Characteristics |
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| features present in the ancestral species that remain present in all descendants of that ancestor |
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| Shared Derived Characteristics |
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| new evolved traits that originate in a recent common ancestor and are present in its descendants (=clade) |
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| Once ancestral species and all its descendants. Defined by derived characteristics. |
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| One common ancestor but only some of its descendants. |
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| Several evolutionary lines that do not share the same common ancestor. |
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Domain - Eukarya
Kingdom - Animalia
Phylum - Chordata
Class - Mammalia
Order - Primates
Family - Hominidae
Genus - Homo
Species - Homo sapians |
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| bacteria & cyanobacteris (blue-green algea) |
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Sperical shaped bacteria
ex: streptococcus, staphylococcus |
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| Spirillum (spirilla) or Spirochete |
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Coiled bacteria that exists only singularly
ex: lyme disease, syphilis spirochete |
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1. Prokaryotes-no definite nucleus
2. Assexual through binary fission, budding, fragmentation
3. One circular chromosome made of DNA
4. No membrane-bound organelles
5. Have ribosomes
6. Most have cell walls |
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| rewuire free atmospheric oxygen |
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Do no require free oxygen, cannot survive in its presence, oxygen is lethal
ex. Tetanus (lockjaw), gangrene |
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can live with or without oxygen
ex. E. coli, Streptococcus, staphylococcus |
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| Ways bateria are beneficial |
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1. Decomposers - recycling
2. Industry - antibiotics, cheeses, pickles, yougurt, buttermilk, sauerkraut, soy sauce
3. Nitrogen fixation in soil - agriculture
4. Manufacture vitamins in digestive system - help in digestion of food. |
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| Ways bacteria are harmful |
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1. Pathogens - causes diseases in plants and animals
2. Contamination or spoilage of food |
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non-living (only reproduce and have genetic variability); no metabolism; obligate intracellular parasites
Made of genetic material & a protein coat. |
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highly infective with all types of cells being potentially susceptible.
ex. hepatitis, mumps, chickenpox, influenza |
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