Term
| What is a circadian rhythm? |
|
Definition
| A daily pattern of activity (daily rhythm). Many behaviors, biological processes (way of generating time; internal clock) |
|
|
Term
| What is a Zeitgeber? What is a humans biggest Zeitgeber? |
|
Definition
Zeitgeber - something in the physical world that can alter how our brains work. any exogenous (external) cue that synchronizes an organism's endogenous (internal) time-keeping system (clock) to the earth's 24-hour light/dark cycle.
-A humans biggest Zeitgeber is the sun (light/dark cycle) |
|
|
Term
| What important job does the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus have? What happens if it is destroyed? |
|
Definition
It provides systems with info about what time of day it is; it is a rhythm generator - has action potentials on a schedule.
If destroyed:
Then we lose the ability to generate patters and would move back to a 25 hr pattern. |
|
|
Term
| The _____-____ cycle is a circadian rhythm. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sleep is an ______ process. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What signifies sleep in warm blooded animals? Cold blooded animals? |
|
Definition
Warm Blooded:
rapid eye movement; more elaborate
Cold Blooded:
Basic shut down due to no stimulus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sleep is a natural state of reduced movement; particular patterns of brain activity where there is maximal relaxation |
|
|
Term
| Sleep is NOT a _______ process. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe a nights sleep. (8 hours or so) |
|
Definition
When we sleep, we cycle up and down between deep sleep, REM sleep, and waking.
1) Awake; sleep onset
2) Stair step down to stage 4
3) Stair step up to first REM episode
4) Stair step down to stage 4
5) Stair step up to second REM episode
6) Stair step down to stage 3
7) Stair step up to third REM episode then to waking
This continues on through the night ending with usually 5 episodes of REM sleep. |
|
|
Term
| What happens in REM sleep? As you age, do you require more or less REM sleep? |
|
Definition
You actually become paralyzed and you have vivid dreams during this pattern.
As you age, you require less REM sleep. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the waking EEG, the sleeping EEG, and the REM EEG. |
|
Definition
Waking EEG - Low amplitude, high frequency, desynchronized
Sleeping EEG - High amplitude, low frequency, synchronized. (slows down)
REM EEG - Low amplitude, high frequency, desynchronized. |
|
|
Term
| EMG shows ____ activity as we go deeper into sleep. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does EOG show as we go deeper into sleep? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bremer's work didn't prove what? Were his conclusions right or wrong? |
|
Definition
| That sleep was passive. His conclusions were wrong |
|
|
Term
| What did jouvet's work do? |
|
Definition
| It helped define the various roles of the reticular formation. |
|
|
Term
| The _________ activates the forebrain. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the forebrain do? What is the pons of the brainstem responsible for? |
|
Definition
plays a role in slow wave sleep.
The pons is responsible for coordinating activities that allow for REM sleep - rapid eye movement |
|
|
Term
| How does the hypothalamus assist in controlling sleep? |
|
Definition
It is a switching substance that keeps the sleep patterns in the proper order:
Waking -> REM -> Slow wave sleeping -> and so on. |
|
|
Term
| Which two regions of the brain play a role in wakefulness? Explain how they affect our arousal. |
|
Definition
1) Locus Coeruleus - It enhances our sensitivity to stimuli in the world. Stimulating this brain region is equivalent to receiving a dose of amphetamine. If it is removed, then there is an increase in sleeping. This brain region makes us more attentive.
-Well defined
2) Reticular Formation - This brain region gets a copy of everything that comes into the brain. It plays a role in activity (doing things) or regulation of activity levels, not just arousal levels. |
|
|
Term
| What would happen if there was destruction of the Locus Coeruleus and the Reticular Formation? |
|
Definition
| This would cause an increase in sleep. |
|
|
Term
| Slow-Wave Sleep is produced by the _________ and is triggered by the _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are Raphe Nuclei and how do they help slow-wave sleep to be achieved? |
|
Definition
| The Raphe Nuclei, a complex group of neurons running along the "seam" of the brain stem, release serotonin when activated. This inhibits behavior and causes an organism to act as if they were sleeping. They would stop doing whatever they were doing. This then allows the forebrain to produce slow wave sleep. |
|
|
Term
| How does the pre-optic basal forebrain assist in generating slow-wave sleep? What can stimulate this brain region? When stimulated, does it increase or decrease synchronization? |
|
Definition
This brain region promotes the slowing down of activity in the cerebral cortex. When it is stimulated, there are behavioral and neural correlates of sleepiness. Warmth can stimulate it, hence why we get sleepy in a warm room.
When stimulated, the basal forebrain increases synchronization in the cortical ECG |
|
|
Term
| What happens if the basal forebrain were destroyed in someone? |
|
Definition
| They would experience total insomnia (never sleep). |
|
|
Term
| What brain region assists in achieving REM sleep? How does it do this? What three things does the this brain region coordinate? |
|
Definition
The Dorsal pontine tegmentum - Contains neurons which release Ach. This is a coordinating/integrating area rather than direct control point.
Coordinates:
1) Rapid eye movement
2) Muscular paralysis
3) De-synchronization of cortical ECG. |
|
|
Term
| What type of waves can be observed right before we go into an REM episode? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hormone is released by neurons in the hypothalamus that projects to other sleep system centers? What other sleep system centers does this hormone visit and how does it effect these centers? |
|
Definition
Hypocretin projects to other sleep system centers:
1) basal forebrain - inhibits sleep
2) reticular formation - inhibits sleep
3) locus coeruleus - inhibits sleep |
|
|
Term
| When hypocretin inhibits the basal forebrain, what does this induce? So hypcretin may best be described as what? |
|
Definition
So it induces slow wave sleeping.
Hypocretin centere may best be described as a switch, "controlling" wakefulness, SWS, or REM sleep |
|
|
Term
| List the four sleep "factors" |
|
Definition
1) Hypnogen - from CSF, produces sleepiness/sleep
2) Factor S - a cytokine from immune system. Increases SWS but does not produce sleep. (sleepy when sick)
3) Hypocretin - Orexin-type peptide made in hypothalamus. Prevents waking -> REM and sleep. Active in "sleep areas" (keeps you awake)
4) Neurotransmitters and associations - 5-HT = SWS, NE = waking arousal, and ACh = REM sleep |
|
|
Term
| Why do we sleep? Explain the three hypotheses. |
|
Definition
1) Restoration - SWS explanation - After strenuous events (triathlon), Body Restoration needs to occur and sleeping makes it easier
2) Construction - REM explanation - Memory consolidation - the brain has a lot to do and can not be as productive when we are awake.
3) Evolution/adaptive response - behavioral explanation - energy conservation / predator avoidance - Mechanism to protect an animal, conserves energy, and preserves resources
*The reason we sleep is due to a little bit of all three of these hypotheses. |
|
|
Term
| List the 4 symptoms of narcolepsy and the treatment for it. |
|
Definition
1) Sleep attacks - doing something boring causes you to fall asleep easily.
2) Cataplexy - during stressful periods of time, paralysis occurs and the organism falls over. In adults, this usually occurs during discipline children and sex! damnnnnn sonnn.
3) Sleep paralysis - REM paralysis kicks in when a person is not asleep.
4) Hypnagogic hallucinations - REM draming episodes occur while someone is awake! FREAKY SHIT.
Treatment: Amphetamines and amphetamine substitutes. |
|
|
Term
| In general, we can say that narcolepsy is usually due to a problem with __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List two other sleep disorders in children. List two others in adults. |
|
Definition
Children:
1) Night terrors and sleep enuresis - SWS - screaming and yelling in sleep but eventually stops and goes back to sleep.
2) Somnambulism - Sleep walking - stage 3 and 4 SWS.
Adults:
1) REM behavior disorder - Organized behavior from a sleeping person. Scary stuff. In REM sleep, but not paralyzed. Can really hurt themselves or someone else.
2) Sleep apnea - Pacemaker neuron trouble? muscle relaxation? Basically you stop breathing when you are sleeping |
|
|
Term
| What makes sleep deprivation bad? |
|
Definition
| STRESSSSSSSS ;lakdsjf;alkdsjf |
|
|
Term
| List the 4 theories of emotion. |
|
Definition
1) Folk psychology -
a)Stimulus (bang!)
b)Perception/interpretation (danger)
c)Particular emotion experienced (fear)
d)Specific pattern of autonomic arousal (heart races)
2) James-Lange theory -
a)Stimulus (Bang!)
b)Perception/interpretation (danger)
c)Specific pattern of autonomic arousal (heart races)
d)particular emotion experienced (fear)
3) Cannon - Bard theory -
a)Stimulus (bang!)
b)Perception/interpretation(danger)
c/d)General autonomic arousal (heart races) and Particular emotion experienced (fear) occur simultaneously!
4) Schachter's cognitive theory -
a) Stimulus (bang!)
b) Perception/interpretation (danger)
c/d) Stimulus (loud) and Context (danger) occur simultaneously
e/f) General autonomic arousal (heart races) and Particular emotion experienced (fear)both can occur
g) Feedback from the particular emotion experienced influences perception/interpretation |
|
|
Term
| What part of the brain assists us when we make movements which are guided by a stimulus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) Happiness
2) Surprise
3) Anger
4) Sadness
5) Fear
6) Disgust
7) Embarrassment
8) Contempt |
|
|
Term
| List the four ways by which we mediated by culture-specific display rules. |
|
Definition
1) Exaggerate
2) Minimize
3) Counteract
4) Camouflage
These are all ways by which we alter our emotions. For example: Some may laugh when someone gets hurt or someone may show empathy for them. This is how slapstick humor works |
|
|
Term
| Describe how the brain produces emotion. |
|
Definition
-Localized within networks
-The limbic system is involved in controlling our emotions
-Cortical involvement
-Pleasre/reward pathway initiates a seeking behavior for rewarding behavior. When we eat, this pathway is activated. Sex activates this pathway. It's what gets us to do stuff |
|
|
Term
| List some symptoms of autism. From CT, MRI, and autopsies, what physiologically is associated with this disease? |
|
Definition
Symptoms:
1) Lack of emotional connections
2) Avoid social interaction
3) If interaction occurs, it is usually negative
Enlarged anterior lateral ventricles and amygdala damage.
-Repetitive behavior <--> Cerebellum damage |
|
|
Term
| List some symptoms of Kluver-Bucy Syndrome and what physiologically causes this disease. |
|
Definition
Symptoms:
1) Tameness and loss of fear
2) Oral tendencies
3) Indiscriminate eating
4) Increased sexual behavior
5) Reaction to all visual stimuli
6) Psychic blindness
Bilateral temporal lobectomy and destruction of the amygdala (all/most) and some destruction of the hippocampus |
|
|
Term
| The amygdala is important for what? |
|
Definition
1) Important for producing emotion/fear
2) Important for biological relevance of stimulus |
|
|
Term
| How is the limbic system regulated? |
|
Definition
| It is regulated by the frontal lobe. |
|
|
Term
| What is a frontal labotomy? What was it used for back in the day. |
|
Definition
It was a solution to solving the problems of messed up people. It caused people to exhibit much less emotion. No emotion = inability to gauge the world (the way things are normally) This caused:
1) drop in social interaction
2) inappropriate social interaction
3) instigation of fights...and lose them
4) brain shows normal sleep and waking activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Full blown rage response at nothing. Our emotional response are usually much bigger than what is shown (acted out). We regulate our responses. |
|
|
Term
| In the neural circuit for aggressive responses, where is intensity added? |
|
Definition
| Intensity is added from the hypothalamus and the basal forebrain. |
|
|
Term
| List and describe the four types of affective aggression and the one type of feeding behavior. |
|
Definition
Affective aggression:
1) Social aggression - cursing poking someone, yelling at someone, road rage, rape.
2) Self Defense - Still has emotional component
3) Maternal Aggression - Mother protecting young
4) Infanticide - murdering infants
Feeding Behavior:
1) Predatory Aggression - When hunting to feed yourself (for survival) - only some cats - cats that are hungry! |
|
|
Term
| In the submission response pathway, what is the submission initiator and what adds intensity to the submissive response? |
|
Definition
Submission initiator = Corticomendial Amygdala
Hypothalamus and Basal Forebrain add intensity |
|
|
Term
| Are males more aggressive across species? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define learning, memory, and emotion. |
|
Definition
Learning - A relatively permanent change in behavior resulting from experience
Memory - Ability to recall or recognize previous experience
Emotion - Rapid learning and salient memory |
|
|
Term
| Memory is a product of ________. |
|
Definition
| learning! we must have an experience to acquire memory |
|
|
Term
| In regards to memory as a product of learning and neural plasticity (G x E = B), what are the mechanisms for the influence of "E"? |
|
Definition
1) Experience expectant - What we expect to happen from experience
2) Experience dependent - Change that can occur in the brain at any time |
|
|
Term
| List the pathway of memory systems. |
|
Definition
1) Incoming info
2) Sensory buffers ->(encoding)
3) short-term storage -> (Consolidation)
4) Long-term storage |
|
|
Term
| Describe long term memory. What two ways is is broken down into? |
|
Definition
Long term memory gives you an identity (it makes us up) - holy grail of neuroscience.
1)Declarative Memory - Things you know that you can tell others. Explicit, Episodic memory, spatial memory, remembering your first day of school, knowing the capital of France!
2) Non-declarative memory - Things you know that you can show by doing. Implicit, emotions, stuff that just happens, tieing your shoes, conditioning - salivating when you see a favorite food, Being more likely to use a word you heard recently, knowing how do ride a bicycle! |
|
|
Term
| Describe the case of H.M. |
|
Definition
| Possibly the most famous case. He was injured and developed seizures that eventually could no longer be controlled with drugs. It got worse and worse; convulsions. He had a surgery (bilateral medial temporal lobectomy) and was able to control seizures with drugs again however he was never able to create a memory again = anterograde amnesia |
|
|
Term
| What is amnesia? Retrograde amnesia? Anterograde amnesia? |
|
Definition
Amnesia - Loss of memory relative to some point in time.
Retrograde amnesia - Inability to recall old memories, retrieval problem
Anterograde amnesia - inability to form new memories, however, could be consolidation problem, or, could be retrieval problem for new memories. |
|
|
Term
| For H.M.'s case, What could he do and what couldn't he do? |
|
Definition
-Short-term memory is ok
-Intelligence is ok
-Can learn to do new tasks
-Does not know he knows how to do a new task
-Verbal memory is impaired - particularly with a delay between learning and recall
-Essentially makes no new declarative memories. |
|
|
Term
| What is recognition memory? Working memory? |
|
Definition
Recognition Memory - This is an example of longer term memory - a declarative or explicit memory
Working memory - Example of short term memory. Memory for intermediate results that must be held during thinking. A declarative or explicit memory |
|
|
Term
| In regards to recognition memory for objects, what was the task, which brain structures were being tested, and what was the reason for conducting this experiment? |
|
Definition
Task: Delayed non-matching-to-sample (DNMS)
The brain structures: Hippocampus, H+ (+ includes entorhinal and parahippocampal cortices) H++, the ++ inclues entorhinal, parahippocampal, and perirhinal cortices.
Why? To figure out the role of hippocampus and connections in memory |
|
|
Term
| In regards to the recognition memory for objects task, describe how the monkey was developing a non-declarative vs. a declarative memory of what it was supposed to do. |
|
Definition
When the monkey was working for a reward, it doesn't actually know what it is doing = developing a non-declarative memory; implicit.
Once the monkey explicitly does the task = declarative memory; explicit |
|
|
Term
| What was damaged in the recognition memory for objects experiment? |
|
Definition
| H++ lesion damages hippocampus and the connections. This disrupts ACh inputs to hippocampus from basal forebrain via perirhinal parahippocampal, and entorhinhal cortices - Think "alzheimer's" |
|
|
Term
| In regards to the "working or representational memory" experiment, What was the task, brain structures, and why? |
|
Definition
Task: A not B, a "Piagetian task" - A and B are identical things: 2 locations look the same, 1) Animal picks one and gets a reward, 2) Delay, then has to choose the other one, 3) Alternation depends on animals behavior, 4) About remembering what you've done.
-Working memory or representational memory - store info and manipulate it
Brain structures - Dorsomedial prefrontal sulcus, - in rhesus monkey, dorsal principal sulcus of the frontal lobe.
Why? To figure out if the dmPFC plays a role in WM/RepM |
|
|
Term
| When a lesion of the Dorsomedial prefront cortex, what happened? What does this tell us? |
|
Definition
| The percent correct went way down after surgery. Barely even 50%. This tells us that the Dorsomedial Prefrontal cortex gives us the ability to use working memory/representational knowledge. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the nondeclarative/implicit memory example: learned emotion. |
|
Definition
If a mouse is introduced to a tone and there is no consequence, the animal does not exhibit fear after the initial unusualness.
1)Tone -> Bradycardia (slowing of heart)
2)Habituate (bradycardia/tone) - play tone a lot
3) CS tone Paired with a shock to eyelid
4) CS tone -> CR bradycardia slowing of the heart.
Fear = connection between 2 stimuli |
|
|
Term
| Our ability to learn fear occurs in the ________. The brain learns to respond to the ____, and not the _____. What happens if you destroy the amydala? |
|
Definition
Amygdala
Brain learns to respond to tone, not the shock
Destroying Amydala = no longer able to train an animal to be afraid of tone; no fear! |
|
|
