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: Ernst Mayr "...groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups |
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Individuals that cannot produce fertile offspring and members of different species |
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Application Problems with definition of species |
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1. Difficult to apply to species that reproduce asexually.(example: bacteria) 2. Difficult to apply to populations that do not occur together in nature. |
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same distinct entities phenotypically different. Same location, often use different parts of the habitat. - Two species that occur together and are nearly identical |
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Populations of a single species that occur in different areas. May be classified as a subspecies or a variety. |
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geographically separated populations. Squirrels on North + South Rims of the Grand Canyon. |
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2 General types of Reproductive Isolation |
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Prezygotic and Postzygotic |
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fertilized egg starting development. Prevention of fertilization or viable zygote. |
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Types of prezygotic isolating Mechanisms |
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Ecological Isolation, Behavioral Isolation, Mechanical Isolation, Prevention of Gamete Fusion, and Temporal Isolation. |
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Physical Seperation: different organisms use different parts of the environment-they don't encounter one another in nature. |
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Courtship Rituals among birds, certain insects, and amphibians. |
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Structural differences in reproductive organs. |
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Prevention of Gamete Fusion |
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difference in the timing of breeding seasons |
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Types of postzygotic isolating mechanisms |
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Hybridization, Hybrid sterility, abnormal sex organ development, chromosomal alterations. |
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Two identical populations must diverge, Reproductive isolation must evolve to maintain difference between the two populations. |
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occurs in plants via Autopolyploidy, and allopolypoidy. |
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all chromosomes are from single species |
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2 different species hybridize |
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half lifecycle as a sporophyte half as gametophyte=alteration of generations |
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attached to and nutritionally dependent on the female gametophyte |
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generally small and require water to reproduce sexually, can reproduce asexually |
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