A reaction wherein one molecule or atome loses an electron, and another molecule or atom gains an electron is called a                   reaction.

a. reduction

b. oxidation

c. redox

d.catabolic

e.anabolic

Glycolysis takes place in             and the citric acid cycle takes place in             .

a. the mitochondrial matrix; the cytosol

b. the cytosol; the mitochondrial matrix

c. the inner mitochondrial membrane; the outer

d. the outer; the inner

e. animals; plants

What is the difference between an autotroph and a heterotoph?

A molecule that can absorb a high energy electron from a photosystem is called a(n):

a. photon acceptor

b. electron acceptor

c. neutron

d. pigment

e. heme group

Which of the following is not a criterion genetic material must meet in order to function as a blueprint for the construction of living organisms?

a. must contain the information necessary to construct an entire organism

b. must be chemically robust and maintain its integrity in all condition

c. must be passed from parent to offspring

d. must be accurately copied

e. must contain variation

Scientists intially focused on proteins as the potential genetic material. Why was this?

a. proteins are more stable than DNA and can withstand a greater range of temperatures

b. proteins are more chemically complex than DNA

c. proteins can form enzymes or produce structures

d. proteins are less stable than DNA and are more reactive due to their enzymatic functions

What was the first stage in the formation of life on Earth?

a. chemical selection of molecules with functional properties

b. synthesis of organic molecules

c. synthesis of RNA

d. synthesis of DNA

e. liposome aggregation

Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment States that:

a. chromosome sort independently of each other during mitosis

b. genes sort independently of each other in animals but not in plants

c. independent sorting of genes produces polyploid plants under some circumstances

d. each pairs of alleles segregates independently of the other pairs of alleles during gamete formation

e. none of the above

If we mate two black Labrador dogs with normal vision and find that 3 of the puppies are like the parents, but one puppy is chocolate with

normal vision, and another is black with PRA (progressive retinal atrophy, a serious disease of vision). We can conclude that:
a. both of the parents are homozygous for both traits.
b. both of the parents are heterozygous for both traits.
c. the same alleles that control coat color can also cause PRA.
d. The PRA defect is caused by a dominant allele
e. the alleles for color and vision segregate dependently during gamete formation.

Which of the following refers to the situation where a single phenotypic characteristic is determined by the additive effects of two or more genes?

a. incomplete dominance

b. semi dominance

c. pleitropy

d. polygenic inheritance

e. none of the above

You cross a white male rabbit with a brown female rabbit and all the F1 progeny are brown. When you cross two of the F1 siblings with each other all of the female progeny are brown, but half of the male progeny are brown and half are white. How did this occur?
a. The trait is sex linked and the female rabbit in the first cross was heterozygous
b. The trait is sex linked and the female rabbit in the first cross was homozygous dominant
c. The trait is sex linked and the male rabbit in the first cross was homozygous dominant
d. The trait is sex linked, but the allele for white fur is lethal
e. None of the choices are correct

An epistatic interaction describes:

a. when one locus of a gene masks the phenotype at a second locus

b. when multiple genes combine to generate continuous variation

c. pink flowers

d. any time you don't get a 9:3:3:1 ratio

e. none of the above

Any change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA is called:

a. a mutation

b. an advantage

c. a codon

d. a translation

e. an anticodon

A base substitution mutation in a gene sometimes does not result in a different protein. Which of the following factors could account for this?

a. the mutation affects only the sequence of the protein's amino acids, so the protein stays the same

b. proofreading

c. a correcting mechanism that is part of the mRNA molecule

d. the fact that such mutations are ususally accompanied by a complementary deletion

e. some amino acids are encoded by more than one codon

Which statement is not true?

a. tRNA is needed for translation

b. mRNA is needed for translation

c. RNA is made by transcription

d. mRNA are made by the ribosomes

e. DNA codes for mRNAs

Multiple origins of replication on the DNA molecules of eukaryotic cells serve to

a. remove errors in DNA replication

b. create multiple copies of the DNA molecule at the same time

c. reduce the total time necessary for DNA replication

d. reduce the number of "bubbles" that occur in the DNA molecule during replication

e. assure the correct orientation of the two strands in the newly growing double helix

What is the signal that marks the end of a gene and causes transcription to stop called?

You find yourself explaining the Meselson-Stahl experiment with sandwiches. You start with a peanut butter sandwich and after the first round of replication you have two peanut butter and jelly sandwiches. What will you have after the next round of replication?
a. Four jelly sandwiches.
b. Four peanut butter sandwiches.
c. Four peanut butter and jelly sandwiches.
d. Two peanut butter and two jelly sandwiches.
e. Two peanut butter and jelly sandwiches and two jelly sandwiches.

The term gene expression refers to the

a. flow of information from parent to offspring

b. fact that each individual of a species has a unique set of genes

c. fact that individuals of the same species have different phenotypes

d. process by which genetic information flows from genes to proteins.

e. fact that certain genes are visible as dark stripes on chromosome

Restriction enzymes

a. edit proteins

b. cut double-stranded DNA at specific sites

c. stop transcription

d. bind single strands of DNA together

e. bind RNA fragments together

Gel electrophoresis sorts DNA molecules on the basis of their

a. nucleotide sequence

b. solubility in water

c. ability to bind to mRNA

d. solubility in the gel

e. length

What best describes what occurs in the ribosome during translation?

a. the anticodon of the tRNA recognizes the gene's promoter

b. an amino acid is transferred from an mRNA to the polypeptide chain, forming a covalent bond between them

c. the rRNA holds the mRNA in place

d. telomerase extends the polypeptide chain

e. none of the above

Why are plasmid vectors used in molecular biology labs?

a. they prevent bacterial overgrowth

b. they are used to cut foreign DNA into pieces

c. they are used to get viruses to reassemble cloned DNA

d. they are circular and fit easily into test tubes

e. none of the above

In chemical reactions              are converted to         and          is lost as           .

According to the first law of thermodynamics

a. the transfer of energy increases the disorder of a system

b. the transfer of energy decreases entropy

c. energy cannot be created nor destroyed

d. once energy is created it can be destroyed

e. kinetic energy is based on location

Which of the following is most correct?

a. evolution doesn't act on populations

b. natural selection only occurs once in a while

c. mutations are always bad

d. natural selection acts on individuals

e. transcription is the source of new alleles

Urey and Miller's experiment demonstrated

a. that 'life begets life'

b. that organic molecules could be formed from simple chemicals present when the Earth was young

c. the sequential ladder of life

d. that the Earth is billions of years old

e. none of the above

Mutations are

a. always translated into new protein products

b. generated by crossing over at meiosis 1

c. background noise in the great symphony of life

d. a source of new alleles

Which of the following molecules contains the greatest amount of free energy per molecule?

a. ATP

b. ADP

c. NADH

d. carbon dioxide

e. pyruvate

An organism is found whose DNA content is determined to be 35% cytosine. What percentage of this organism's DNA is adenine?

a. 15%

b. 30%

c. 35%

d. 65%

e. the percentage of adenine canot be determined from the information given

Sickle-cell anemia is a human disease due to a mutation in which a valine is substituted for a glutamic acid in the beta-globin gene. This is an example of a              mutation.

a. silent

b. missense

c. nonsense

d. frameshift

e. neutral

Meiosis 1

a. produces gametes

b. ensures that chromosome numbers increase between generations to create evolution

c. resembles mitotic division

d. creates alleles

e. separates homologous chromosome pairs

The light independent reactions of photosynthesis occur in the               of the chloroplast.

a. stroma

b. central vacuole

c. matrix

d. thylakoids

e. intermembrane space

Of the following, which is not an end-product of aerobic respiration?

a. ATP

b. NAD+

c. H20

d.CO2

e. lactate

Enzymes are very specific in the reactions they catalyze. This specificity is due to

a. the fact that the entire enzyme is structurally indentical with the substrate

b. the 3-dimensional structure of its active site

c. coupled nature of endergonic reactions

d. the unbreakable bond which links the enzyme-substrate complex together

e. both a and c

What is the minimum number of CO2 molecules that must be fixed in order to produce one glucose molecule?

a. 1

b. 2

c. 3

d. 6

e. 12