Term
| A giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a condensation reaction. |
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Definition
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| A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together. |
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Definition
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| The subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer |
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Definition
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Term
| A reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other through the loss of a small molecule, usually water, in which case it is also called a dehydration reaction. |
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Definition
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Term
| A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule. |
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Definition
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Term
| A macromolecule serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that changes the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction |
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Definition
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Term
| A chemical process that lyses, or splits, molecules by the addition of water, functioning in disassembly of polymers to monomers |
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Definition
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Term
| The simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides. Also known as simple sugars. |
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Definition
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Term
| Monosaccharides have molecular fomulas that are generally some multiple of what chemical equation |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Glyceraldehyde
An initial breadown produce of glucose.
Component of Fatty Acid |
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Term
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Definition
Ribose
A component of RNA |
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Term
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Definition
Glucose
An energy source for organisms |
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Term
[image][image]
Which one is a Ketoses Sugar |
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Definition
[image]
The double bonded Carbon is in the inside of the carbon backbone so it is a Ketoses Sugar |
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Term
[image][image]
Which is an Aldoses Sugar? |
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Definition
[image]
The double bonded carbon is at the end of the carbon chain so it is an Aldoses Sugar. |
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Term
| A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
[image]
Glucose Ring
Six Carbon Sugar |
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Term
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Definition
[image]
Fructose Ring
Six Carbon Sugar that
forms a Five-Sided Ring |
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Term
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Definition
[image]
Glucose linked to a Fructose to form
Sucrose |
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Term
| A polymer of many monosaccharides, formed by dehydration reactions |
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Definition
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Term
[image]
What is the common name of these macromolecules? |
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Definition
[image]
Starches -- Plant Energy Storage
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Term
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Definition
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Glycogen - Animal Energy Storage
Extensive Branching |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
[image]
Saturated Triacylglycerol
a.k.a triglyceride |
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Term
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Definition
[image]
Unsaturated triacylglycerol
1 or more Doubled bonded Carbons |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
[image]
What is special about the part of this molecule that is highlighted with Gray? |
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Definition
[image]
The phosphate Group at the head makes it hydrophillic |
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Term
[image]
What is the area in green called? |
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Definition
[image]
The area in green is called the substrate.
It is the substance that is going to change |
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Term
[image]
What is the name of the item colored purple |
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Definition
[image]
The purple area is the enzyme that is going to cause the green part to react more quickly. |
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Term
[image]
What is this molecule called |
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Definition
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Term
| How many Amino Acids are there in Humans |
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Definition
| There are 20 Amino acids used in humans |
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Term
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Definition
[image]
Polypeptide Chain |
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Term
| Polymers are broken down into monomers via what process? |
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Definition
| Hydrolysis: A process that breaks the bonds by the addition of water molecules. |
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Term
| Monosaccharides generally have molecular formulas that are some multiple of what formula? |
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Definition
CH20
A six carbon monosaccharide would be
C6H12O6 |
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Term
| What chemical groups do Monosaccharides all have in common? |
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Definition
Monosaccharides have a single carbonyl group and multiple hydroxyl groups.
The location of the carbonyl group determines whether the molecule is a Ketoses or Aldoses.
[image] |
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Term
| What does Trioses mean and name a trioses monosaccharide. |
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Definition
Three carbons
Glyceraldehyde or Dihydroxyacetone |
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Term
| What does Pentoses mean and name a pentoses monosaccharide |
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Definition
Five Carbons
Ribose or Ribulose |
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Term
| What does Hexoses mean and name a hexoses monosaccharide |
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Definition
Six Carbons
Glucose, Galactose, or Fructose |
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Term
| What are the three items that distinguish one monosaccharide from another? |
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Definition
Location of the Carbonyl Group: Aldose or Ketose
Size of the Carbon Chain: Triose, Pentose, or Hexose
Spatial Arrangement: spatial arrangement of elements attached to an asymmetric carbon ( a carbon attached to 4 different atoms)
[image] |
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Term
| What is the name of the covalent bond that forms between two monosaccharides when they form a disaccharide? |
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Definition
Glycosidic Linkage: A carbon from each of the monosaccharides is connected by an Oxygen molecule.
[image] |
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Term
| What is the purpose of polysaccharides? |
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Definition
| Energy storage and structure |
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Term
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Definition
The simplest form of starch (polysaccharides) is found in plants and is unbranched.
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Term
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Definition
Amylose
The simplest form of starch (polysaccharides) is found in plants and is unbranched.
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Term
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Definition
Amylopectin
A complex starch (polysaccharide) found in plants that contains some branches.
INSERT72
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Term
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Definition
Amylopectin
A complex starch (polysaccharide) found in plants that contains some branches.
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
Glycogen
A polymer of glucose that has extensive branching and is found in the liver and muscle cells of animals.
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Term
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Definition
Glycogen
A polymer of glucose that has extensive branching and is found in the liver and muscle cells of animals.
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
Cellulose
A.K.A. Glucose Beta
Polysaccharide that is a major component of the tough walls that enclose plant cells.
[image] |
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Term
structural polysaccharide used by arthropods to build their exoskeletons.
Anthropods: insects, spiders, crustaceans, etc |
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Definition
Chitin
Chitin is also used by fungi instead of cellulose as the building material for their cell walls. |
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Term
| A group of large biological molecules whose common feature is that they mix poorly with water. |
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Definition
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Term
| Three major types of lipids |
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Definition
Lipids
Fats
Phospholipids
Steroids
Waxes |
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Term
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Definition
Fats are made from Glycerol & Fatty Acids
[image] |
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Term
If one or more of the carbons in a fatty acid chain are double bonded then the fat is called a _______.
What are its characteristics |
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Definition
Unsaturated Fat
At room temperature, the molecules of an unsaturated fat cannot pack together closely enough to solidify because of the kinks in some of their fatty acid hydrocarbon chains
[image] |
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Term
| Type of fat that is solid at room temperature |
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Definition
Saturated Fat
At room temperature, the molecules of a saturated fat stack together closely forming a solid. |
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Term
| Name of the bond between a hydroxyl group and a carboxyl group. |
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Definition
Ester Linkage
When the fatty acid carboxyl group bonds to the Glycerol hydroxyl group via dehydration a water molecule is released and an Ester Bond forms.
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are the four parts of a phospholipid |
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Definition
A phospholipid has a hydrophylic (polar) head and two hydrophobic (non-polar) tails.
The four parts are the Fatty Acid, the Glycerol, a phosphate molecule, & a head attachment that determines the function of the phospholipid
[image] |
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Term
Lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
| Name type and function of three types of proteins |
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Definition
Types of Proteins
READ WHOLE LIST
[image] |
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Term
What are the four steps of the Catalytic cycle of an Enzyme?
[image] |
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Definition
Four steps of the Catalytic cycle of an Enzyme
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Term
| What are polypeptides? What are they made of? |
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Definition
Polymers of Amino Acids.
Polymers are like sentences and Amino Acids are like words. There are only 20 common Amino Acid words used to make up all the proteins in the body. |
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Term
What is this and what are the four parts?
[image]
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Definition
Amino Acid Monomers
The Variable Group - Side Chain or R Group - determines the physical and chemical properties of the Amino Acid
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Term
| What are the four groupings of Amino Acids and what are their characteristics. |
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Definition
Amino Acids are divided into three groups.
Nonpolar (Hydrophobic) - No charge
Polar (Hydrophylic) -
Acidic - Side Chans are negative due to Carboxyl Groups
Basic - Side Chains are positive due to Amino Groups
[image] |
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Term
| What is the covalent bond between the carboxyl group on one amino acid and the amino group on another called? |
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Definition
Peptide Bond
When two amino acids are positioned so that the carboxyl group of one is adjacent to the amino group of the other, they can become joined by a dehydration reaction resulting in a peptide bond.
[image] |
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Term
| What are the two ends of a polypeptide chain called and why are they called that? |
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Definition
When two amino acids bind together via a peptide bond the other end of the monomer is open. On one end you will have an open Amino Group ( N-terminus) and on the other you will have a Carboxyl end ( C-terminus).
[image]
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Term
| What are the four levels of Protein Structure Formation? |
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Definition
Protein Structure Formation
Primary: Chain of amino acids
Secondary: Coils (alpha helix) and Folds (Beta Pleated sheet) of the amino acid chain due to the hydrogen bonds in the polypeptide backbone
Tertiary: Shape of a protein due to interactions between side chains (R Groups)
Quaternary: two or more polypeptide chains aggregate into one functional macromolecule |
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Term
The Tertiary shape of a protein is due to interactions between side chains (R Groups). What is one of the primary drivers in shaping the protein and what kinds of bonds hold it in place?
[image] |
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Definition
Hydrophobic interactions where water molecules push the hydrophobic (non-polar) sidegroups towards the center of the protein as the water binds with the polar side groups and with itself.
Once there weak bonds hold it in place:
Van der Waals Interactions between non-polar side chains
Hydrogen Bonds between polar side chains
Ionic Bonds between acidic and basic side chains
[image]
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Term
| What does protein denaturation mean and what are three ways it can happen? |
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Definition
Denaturation is a process in which a protein unravels and loses its native shape. It occurs under conditions of :
Organic solvents - Cause the hydrophobic regions to face outwards towards the solvent.
Chemicals that disrupt the side chain bonds -
Temperature - Agitates the proteins so that the weak bonds are broken |
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Term
| Humans have 23 pairs of __________ |
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Definition
Humans have 23 pairs of Chromosomes.
This is a total of 46 single Chromosomes |
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Term
| Each chromosome contains a single long strand of ____ which is broken up into blocks of information called ______ |
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Definition
| Each chromosome contains a single long strand of DNA which is broken up into blocks of information called Genes |
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Term
[image]
What is happening in each of the steps above 1, 2, & 3 |
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Definition
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Term
[image]
What is the name of the end at point B?
Point D is the complementary strand of the DNA helix. What is it called? |
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Definition
[image]
Point B is the 3' Terminus because the final phosphate will be on the 3rd Carbon.
Double Helix DNA is two strands of DNA arranged tail to nose (anti-parallel) such that Point D is the 5' Terminus and the nucleotides are arranged in exactly the opposite direction of the other strand. |
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Term
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Definition
[image]
Point F is a Phosphodiester bond which links two nucleotides together via a phosphate group. |
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Term
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Definition
[image]
Point G are the hydrogen bonds that hold the nitrogenous base pair from one strand to its complementary nitrogenous base on the #2 strand.
The A / T nitrogenous base pairs are held together with two hydrogen bonds
The G / C nitrogenous base pairs are held together with three hydrogen bonds and are held together more strongly. |
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Term
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Definition
[image]
Point G is a hydrogen bond between the Nitrogenous bases of one polynucleotide strand to the other. |
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Term
[image]
What is at Point H |
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Definition
[image]
Point H is a Phosphate Group which is part of the DNA backbone |
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Term
[image]
What is at Point J |
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Definition
[image]
Point J is a deoxyribose sugar |
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Term
[image]
What is at point K |
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Definition
[image]
Point K is a Nitrogenous Base
It will be one of four varieties and this is where the intelligence of the DNA chain resides
A - Adenine
C - Cytosine
G - Guanine
T - Thymine
U - Uracil is also a Nitrogenous Base but it is not found in DNA |
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Term
[image]
What is this monomer |
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Definition
[image][image]
Ribose & Deoxyribose
5 Carbon Sugar Ribose
Ribose differs from Deoxyribose because it has a hydroxyl on the 2' Carbon
Deoxyribose is missing the oxygen "De" without "oxy"
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Term
[image]
What is this monomer? |
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Definition
[image][image]
Ribose & Deoxyribose
5 Carbon Sugar Deoxyribose
Ribose differs from Deoxyribose because it has a hydroxyl on the 2' Carbon
Deoxyribose is missing the oxygen "De" without "oxy"
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Term
below is one polynucleotide strand.
What would be the pattern of the other strand if they were linked together as a DNA Double Helix
5'-TAAGCCT-3' |
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Definition
5'-TAAGCCT-3' Side # 1
3'-ATTCGGA-5' Side # 2 |
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Term
| In RNA what Nitrogenous base is added and which base is not used? |
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Definition
| Uracil (U) takes the place of Thymine (T) |
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