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| scientists have named about 1.8 million species of an estimated 4 to 100 million existing species |
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| more than 99.9% of all species are now extinct |
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| early ancestors of all species were few simple unicellular organisms 3 to 4 billion years ago |
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| 1700s: Linnaeus founded modern taxonomy, science of naming, describing, and classifying organisms |
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| morphological species concept: classification of plants and other organisms in separate categories |
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| morphological species concept separates species based on their visible differences, such as feathers or number of flower parts |
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| evolutionary biologist Ernst Mayr first expressed biological species concept in 1942 |
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