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Definition
| membrane bound compartments providing different internal environment than rest of cell |
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Definition
| fluid portion of cytoplasm |
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Definition
| site of DNA storage and use |
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Definition
site of protein syntesis
-can be free or bound to membranes. |
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Term
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
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Definition
| network of membrane continuous with outer nuclear membrane |
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Definition
no ribosomes
-site of lipid metabolism |
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Definition
studded with ribosomes
-site of protein synthesis |
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Definition
flattened, membrane sacs
-pics up products from ER
-ships to destination
-site of protein modification
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Definition
| contain enzymes for breakdown of food, waste and other stuff |
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Definition
| vesicles form from outside membrane and bring stuff into cell-merge with lysosome. |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| substances are specific to receptor. |
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Definition
| damaged organelles carried to lysosomes |
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Term
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Definition
production of ATP from organic molecules or cellular respiration.
-double membrane
-inner membrane froms cristae
-intermembrane and matrix
-DNA and ribosomes-production of own proteins
-grow and divide independently of the rest of cell |
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Term
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Definition
formation of organic molecules using sun's energy
-double membrane
-thylakoids-stacks (grana) of membrane disks
-circular DNA along with ribosomes |
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Term
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Definition
network of protein filaments
-support and movement |
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Term
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Definition
fungi, algae, plants
-support |
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Term
| actin filaments (microfilaments) |
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Definition
actin is a protein
-maintain cell shape
-cell movement along with protein
-cell division |
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Term
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Definition
protein keratin plus others
-network of support beams for cell shape
-anchors organelles |
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Term
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Definition
alpha and beta tubulin dimers
-resist compression
-sort chromosomes during cell division
-movement of clia and flagella-alon with protein dynein |
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Term
| Animals Extracellular Matrix |
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Definition
secreted by surrounding cells
-fiber is primarily collagen
-connect to fibronectins proteins
-connect to integral membrane protein-integrin
-integrin connect to actin portion of skeleton |
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Term
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Definition
| holds cell walls together in plants |
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Term
| Cell to cell attachments in animals? |
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Definition
| connection of ECM to cytoskeleton holds cells together |
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Term
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Definition
| protein adhesions that prevent materials from moving between cells |
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Term
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Definition
| protein adhesions that prevent materials from moving between cells |
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Term
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Definition
spot welds that hold cells together
-associate with intermediate filaments of cytoskeleton in cell.
-specific protein linkages=cadheins
-provide selective adhesion
-within cell many associate with |
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Definition
| for coordinated cell function |
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Definition
-communication gap in plants
-plasma membranes of adjacent cells are continuous
-large things can pass
-have many protein regulators |
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Definition
communication gaps in animals
-protein structure channels connect cell cytoplasm
-only small molecules or ions can pass
-(contraction coordination in cardiac muscle cells. |
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Term
| Distant Cell Communication |
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Definition
message and response systems
-information regarding conditions
-regulation of homeostasis
-immune response
-maintenance of cycles |
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Term
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Definition
modified to glycoprotens
-travel through bloodstream and interstitial fluids. |
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Term
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Definition
-synthesized from cholesterol
-can be carried by protein carriers in bloodstream or travel freely |
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Term
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Definition
proteins
-specific to the ligand
-numbers sometimes change in response to level of ligands
-receptors clicit cell response through variety of mechanisms = signal processing
-first change is conformational change in receptor protein |
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Term
| signal processing of steroid hormones |
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Definition
-cross cell membrane
-intracellular receptor - cytosolic
-steroid binds to receptor -> conformational change
-ligand-receptor complex enters nucleus
-binds to DNA
-response is a change in gene activity |
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Term
| Four steps of signal transduction |
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Definition
-reception
-processing (something is going to change the signal)
-response
-deactivation (stop the signal) |
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Term
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Definition
-second messenger = nonprotein molecules inside cell
-in response to receptor conformation change, action higher [second messenger] and elicit respons
-often a cascade of events
-results in amplification of signal |
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Term
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Definition
G-protein bound to inside face of membrane receptor
-activated by receptor conformational change
-binds to GTP
-G-protein splits and activated protion binds to enzyme
-enyme catalyzes reaction producing second messenger-a lot of it = amplification
-second messengers diffuse through cell and activate multiple cascades eliciting cell response |
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Term
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Definition
receptor tyrosine kinases
-kinase = enzyme capable of phosphorylation when it becomes phosphorylated itself
-ligand binds to membrane receptor tyrosine kinase
-conformational change results in a kinase dimer
-ATP phosphorylates the kinase
-bridging protein binds Ras/GTP
-kinase then activates other proteins via phosphorylation
-phosphorylation events result in a string of activated enzymes activating more enzymes in a cascade of activation = amplification |
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Definition
-receptor specific
-cell specific |
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Term
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Definition
-certain kinds of phosphorylation can deactivate stages in the cascade
-molecules of systems are often short lived
-enzymes may be present to break down molecules (phosphates can dephosphorylate)
-some signals are maintained for longer periods - some are brief |
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Term
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Definition
synthesis of many signals-signal transduction pathways form networks of signals
-allows complex responses from same cell
---can be stimulation or inhibition |
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Term
| Quorum Sensing in Bacteria |
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Definition
allows communication between individual cells of same species
-species specific
-colonies take on some characteristics of multi-cellular organism
-cells release signal molecules |
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Term
| the hydrolysis of ATP is what kind of reaction? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| removal of 2 H atoms (transferred to NAD+ and FAD) |
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Term
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Definition
| part of a carboxyl group (-COOH) removed from substrate as CO2 |
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Term
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Definition
phosphate transferred from one molecule to another
-to substrate (coupling endergonic ATP hydrolysis to reaction)
-phosphorylation of proteins causes conformational changes, activating or deactivating the protein. |
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Term
| substrate-level phosphorylation |
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Definition
| phosphate transferred from phosphorylated intermediate (substrate) to ADP to form ATP |
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Term
| Oxidative phosphorylation |
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Definition
| the production of ATP using a proton gradient as the source of energy to drive ATP synthase (the enzyme that catalyzes ADP +Pi ->ATP) |
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Term
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Definition
| in the presence of oxygen |
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Term
| Oxidative phosphorylation |
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Definition
| the production of ATP using a proton gradient as the source of energy to drive ATP synthase (the enzyme that catalyzes ADP +Pi ->ATP) |
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Definition
| in the presence of oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which nutrients (carbohydrates and oxygen) plus water are catabolized (broken down) to carbon dioxide, water and energy (ATP) |
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Term
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Definition
first step in cellular respiration
-conversion of glucose (6 carbon) to pyruvate (3 carbon)
-ATP and NADH are formed
-does not need oxygen
-occurs in cytosol |
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Term
| Where does Cellular Respiration occur? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| formation of acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl coA)- each pyruvate is oxidized to acetate (2C) attached to coenzyme A, NADH is formed, CO2 is released. |
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Term
| citric acid cycle (kreb's cylce) |
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Definition
| - series of reaction in which acetate of acetyl coA is changed to carious carbon molecules releasing CO2 and forming ATP, NADH and FADH2 |
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Term
| Electron transport chain and chemiosmosis |
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Definition
| process of removing electrons from NADH and FADH2 from above processes - energy from this is used to pump H (protons) across mitochodrial membrane to form proton gradient |
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Term
| Summary of Pyruvate oxidation |
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Definition
-input: 2 pyruvate, 2 NAD+, 2 CoA
-yield: 2 acetyl CoA, 2NADH, 2 CO2
-net energy: 2 NADH |
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Term
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Definition
• Input
• Acetyl CoA (X2 = 2)
• 3 NAD+ (X2 = 6)
• FAD (X2 = 2)
• 2 H2O (X2 = 4) - IGNORE
• ADP (X2 = 2)
• Yield
• coenzyme A (X2 = 2)
• 2 CO2 (X2 = 4)
• 1 H2O (X2 = 2)- IGNORE
• 3NADH (X2 = 6)
• FADH2 (X2 = 2)
• ATP (X2 = 2)
• oxaloacetate for next cycle
• NET ENERGY (two cycles so, per glucose molecule)
• 6 NADH
• 2 FADH2
• 2 ATP |
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Term
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Definition
-anaerobic bacteria
-terminal electron acceptor is nitrate or sulfate |
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Term
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Definition
-no electron transport chain
-2 ATPs produced from gylcolysis but cell risks losing supply of NAD+ with no transport chain. |
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Term
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Definition
-produces etyhl alcohol (basis for making beer, wine, etc.) and CO2
-yeasts are facultative anaerobes |
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Term
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Definition
-produces lactate
-some bacteria (as in yogurt, sauerkraut)
-also fors in muscles when oxygen is used up |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| rest of cells of an individual |
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Term
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Definition
| production of somatic cells |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| segments of DNA, each is a unit of hereditary information. |
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Term
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Definition
| a count of the number and type of chromosomes an individual has |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-stage between cell divisions
-3 parts (G1 S and G2) |
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Term
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Definition
-growth phase
-cell is undergoing routine metabolic activities |
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Term
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Definition
-period when DNA (chromosomes) is replicated in anticipation of cell division
-centrosomes also replicate = organelles involved in microtubule assemble |
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Term
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Definition
| increased protein synthesis in preparation for division |
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Term
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Definition
nuclear division
-period when chromosomes are sorted and actual division occurs
-ends with cytokinesis |
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Term
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Definition
| consisted portion at center |
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Term
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Definition
| protein structure to which microtubules can attach |
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Term
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Definition
-nucleoli disappear
-chromatin fibers condense to chromatids (already replicated - S-phase)
-centrosomes move to opposite poles of cell |
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Term
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Definition
-nuclear membrane fragments
-miotic spindles form
-kinetochore microtubules form |
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Term
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Definition
-nuclear membrane has disappeared
-kinetochore microtubules stretch from MCOT to chromatids (attach at kinetochore)
-chromosomes line up at equator, form metaphase plate
-sister chromatids face opposite poles of cell |
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Term
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Definition
-sister chromatids are pulled apart
-one set of chromosomes moves to each pole of cell |
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Term
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Definition
-chromosomes have moved far apart
-nuclear membrane reassemble and two identical nuclei are formed
-cytoplasm begins to divide (cytokinesis) via constriction from contractile microfilaments |
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Term
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Definition
| regulatory proteins that control protein kinases=phosphorylating enzymes |
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Term
| cyclin dependent protein kinases |
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Definition
| enzymes that only function when associated with cyclins (allosteric regulation) |
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Term
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Definition
prevents cycle from entering S-phase if DNA is damaged
-repairs of programs cell death (apoptosis) |
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Term
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Definition
blocks movement into S-phase
-normally bound to protein E2F
-GF, cyclin, Cdk complex allows phosphorylation of RB, removes E2F
-E2F stimulates proteins for DNA replication |
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