Term
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Definition
-G1 Cell growth and activity
-cells spend most time in interphase
-Synthesis- chromosomes replicate
G2- cell prepares to divide |
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Definition
| Holds two sister chromatids together |
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Definition
| maternal and paternal copies of same chromosome |
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| identical copies of a chromosome |
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Definition
"wed" of microtunules
-pull chromosomes apart |
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Term
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Definition
microtubules-
organizing center;
organizes the spindle |
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Term
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Definition
Produces cells that are exactly the same
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase |
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Term
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Definition
-chromatin condenses
-spindle forms
-nuclear membrane disappears |
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Term
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Definition
choromosomes line up in central region of the cell
(spindle equator) |
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Definition
| sister chromatids split and move toward opposite poles |
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Definition
chromosomes become diffuse
-daughter nuclei form
-nuclear membrane reappears |
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Term
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Definition
physical division of the cell
formation of
-cleavage furrow-animals
-cell plate- plants |
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Term
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Definition
-all organisms are made up of one or more cells
-cells are the basic unit of life and the smallest unit of life
-every new cell comes from a pre-existing cell |
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Definition
| maintains the cell as a distinct entity |
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Definition
| consists of semi-fluid material and organelles |
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Term
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Definition
| tiny compartments within a cell that have specific functions |
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Term
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Definition
hereditary info
-found within distinct nucleus (eukaryote)
-no distinct nucleus (prokaryote) |
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Term
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Definition
store information
-like: dna
catalyze reactions like proteins |
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Term
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Definition
hydrophilic heads- outside
hydrophobic tails- inside
-proteins and other lipids are embedded within the membrane |
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Term
| Plasma membrane functions |
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Definition
-separates internal and external enviroment
-controls movement of meterials in and out of cell
-allos cell to interact with other cells |
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Definition
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Definition
found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
-structure: composed of RNA and proteins
-function: assemble amino acids into proteins |
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Term
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Definition
bacteria and Archaea
-have no distinct nucleus (DNA is in the cytoplasm)
-contain few organelles other than ribosomes
-cell wall |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-nucleus
-endomembrane system
-mitochondria
-chloroplasts (plants only)
-cytoskeleton |
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Term
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Definition
nuclear envelope
houses DNA
--chromatin: DNA and proteins
-where RNA is made |
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Definition
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Definition
-endoplasmic recticulumn (ER)
-gogli complex
-various vesicles
--organelles involved in the synthesis, storage, and transportation of important molecules |
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Term
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Definition
-within the endomembrane system
Network of membranes
-rough ER: has ribosomes (where protein synthesis occurs)
-smooth ER: site of lipid synthesis (phospholipids and cholesterol) and transport |
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Term
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Definition
-recieve macromolecules from the ER
-assemble, modify, and package macromolecules for exporting from the cell |
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Term
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Definition
-transport, storage, and recycling
--lysosomes (animals): house enzymes that digest macromolecules (like carbs and proteins)
--vacoules (plants): store water |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-sites of cellular respiration:
production of energy (ATP) using sugar from foods
-have their own DNA |
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Term
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Definition
-only in plants
-sites of phtosynthesis
-have their own DNA |
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Term
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Definition
-microfilaments- actin
-intermediate filaments- fibrous proteins
-microtubules- tubulins |
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Term
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Definition
movement- cilia and flagella
internal shape and structure- anchor organelles and serve as tracks for organelles movement
-cell division |
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Term
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Definition
found in plants, fungi, and algae
-cellulose (plants)
-silica (diatoms)
outside plasma membrane |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a trait becomes more common in a population over time (evolution) |
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Definition
| trait that gives the individual an advantage in survival or reproduction, under a given set of circumstances |
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Definition
| the production of haploid gametes |
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Term
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Definition
-Interphase (DNA is replicated)
-Mitosis
-cytokinesis
-produces 2 genetically identical cells |
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Term
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Definition
-chromatin condenses
-spindle forms
-nuclear membran disappears
-***homologous pair up- form tetrads |
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Term
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Definition
| homologous line up at equator as tetrads |
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Term
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Definition
homologues split and move toward opposite poles
-sister chromatids remain together |
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Term
| Telophase and Cytokinesis (Meiosis) |
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Definition
spindle disappears
-daughter nuclei form |
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Term
| Meiosis I Vs. Meiosis II!!!!!! |
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Definition
Meiosis I:
-homologous chromosomes are seperated
-sister chromatids are still attached to one another
Meiosis II:
seperation of the sister chromatids |
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Term
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Definition
Mitosis:
-growth and maintenance of size
-asexual reproduction
Meiosis
-production of haploid gametes for sexual reproduction |
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Term
| Advantage of sexual VS. asexual reproduction |
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Definition
-genetic variation
--combination of alleles
-material for natural selection |
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Term
| Process of generating genetic variation |
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Definition
-crossing over
-random assortment of chromosomes into gametes
-fertilization |
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Term
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Definition
Occurs only in Prophase I of meiosis!!
-homologues exchange genetic info
-produce gene combinations different from those of original chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
-occurs during metaphase I
-pairs of homologous chromosomes line up randomly
-results in different possible combinations or chromosomes in gametes |
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Term
| Mendel's Theory of Independent Assortment |
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Definition
-Different traits assort independently of one another
-Explanation: random assortment of homologous chromosomes during meiosis |
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Term
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Definition
| medical conditions caused by inherited alleles |
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Term
| Autosomal Dominant Disorders |
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Definition
| a condition arising from a dominant allele on an autosome |
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Term
| Autosomal Dominant Disorders |
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Definition
Huntingtons
-symptoms show at 35-40
-gradual degeneration of nervous system and personality disorders
-100% fatal :( |
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Term
| Autosomal Recessive Disorders |
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Definition
| a condition arising from a recessive allele on an autosome |
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Term
| Autosomal Recessive disorders |
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Definition
Albinism
PKU-
defective enzyme- cant break down phenylalanine
-build up of excess phentlalanine in blood and brain cells
-causes damage to the nervous system and mental impairment |
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Term
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Definition
comes from Autosomal Recessive Disorders
-gene located on chromosome 21
-easy to detect at birth by blood test
-treatment: restrict dietary intake to phenylalanine |
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Term
| X-linkes recessive disorder |
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Definition
| a condition arising from a recessive allele on an X chromosome |
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Term
| How can we test for genetic problems |
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Definition
-genetic screening
-genetic counseling
-prenatal diagnosis
-preimplantation diagnosis |
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Definition
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Definition
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| Mendel's Theory of Segregation |
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Definition
| Gametes only get one copy of each gene |
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Definition
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| Mendel's Theory of Independent Assortment |
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Definition
Different pairs of alleles assort independently of one another
-Result: Huge gamete diversity |
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Term
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Definition
| One allele is not fully dominant over its partner |
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Term
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Definition
| two alleles share dominance |
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Term
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Definition
| when one gene affects more than one trait |
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Term
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Definition
When one gene overrides the effect of a separate gene
ex- coat color in labradors |
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Term
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Definition
a trait influenced by multiple genes
-continuous variation
ex- height and eye color
(remember poly=many?) |
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Term
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Definition
influence of the environment on the expressive of a genotype
ex-goat color of himalayan rabbits
-how their coat grows dark on feet, ears and face to keep those coldest parts warm |
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