1. Ingestion

2. Digestions

3. Absorption

4. Elimination

Which of the following does need a digestive system?

a. heterotrophs

b. autotrophs

c. herbivores

d. omnivores

e. carnivores

20 amino acids to make proteins

8 are essential, the rest can be synthesized from the 8.

13 are essential. The serves as coenzymes for the proper functioning of enzymes.

Vit. A, B1, B2, B6, B12, C, D, E, K, Niacin, Pantothenic Acid, Folic Acid, Biotin.

Note: Vit. C and 8 forms of Vit. B iare water soluble.

Give 4 examples of minerals.

What is an interesting source of minerals that the professor noted?

Minerals are inorganic materials like calcium, phosphrus, iron, and magnesium.

The prof. cited osteophagy, eating bones (or antlers) as a source of getting minerals.

Deficieny of vitamin C. Causing problems with problems with collagen synthesis.

Note: Vit C is heat libale so pasteurized milk lacks the vitamin (unless its been reinserted :) ).

A non-essential amino-acid is best described as one that:

1. Can be made in the body from other substances.

2. Is not used for biosynthesis.

3. Must be ingested in the diet.

4. Is not found in many proteins

5. Is less important than an essential amino acid

-trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, (polypeptides->amino acids)

-nuclease (nucleic acid->nucleotides)

-amylase(polysacchrides->dissachrides)

-lipase(fat droplets->glycerol, fatty acids)

detoxify alcohol and other toxins

produce bile salts (break up fat globules)

villi and microvilli

the surface area of the small intestine is 300 m²

Most nutrients are absorbed across the epithelium of the...?

1. Colon

2. stomach

3. esophagus

4. large intestine

5. small intestine

Which of the following would cause constipation? A substance that..?

1. contains high fiber

2. promotes water reabsorption in the large intestine.

3. accelerates movement of material in the large intestine.

4. decreases water reabsorption in the large intestine

5. stimulates peristalsis

Rickets.. Modern day scurvy?

What causes rickets?

What may be modern day sources for the resurgence in rickets cases?

Rickets is caused by a shortage of vit D.

the obesity epidemic, less outdoor activity and sunblock may be modern day causes.

What causes the smell of feces?

What causes the color of feces?

Smell: bacteria in large intestine

Color: bile, biliburbin, and iron (breakdown of red-blood cells)

1. What causes ulcers?

2. What is the name for the bacteria responsible?

3. What is the first course of treatement for an ulcer?

1. Rapid eating and stress (immune suprresion)

2. Bacteria - Helicobacter Plyori

3. Antibiotics

Icreasing surface area facilitates which of the following processes?

a. ingestion

b. digestion

c. elimination

d. absorption

What type of circulatory system is found in very small animals: micro-organisms, small multi-cellular organisms i.e. cnidarians, flatworms, protists, etc. ?

1. What type of circulatory is found in anthropods and most molluscs?

2. What is their circulatory fluid called?

1. Open circulatory system

2. Hemolymph

1. What is required to move the hemolymph in open circulatory systems?

2. What are the advantages of an open circulatory systems?

1. Several hearts

2. No extensive blood vessels and no high pressure system

c) cephalopods

Advanced molluscs like octopi are found in the phlum mollusca.

1. What are the 3 kinds of hearts in closed circulatory systems?

What kind of blood-mixing and circulation is seen in the different types?

• 2 chambered heart, single circulation, most mixing. Found in fish.
• 3 chambered heart, double circulation, some mixing. Found in amphibians.
• 4 chambered heart, double circulation, no mixing. Found in mammals.

The sinoatrial node, found on the wall of the right right atrium.

Electrical impulses in the heart are controlled by nerves, hormones, temperature, and exercise.

1. What is the direction with regards to the heart and cappillaries with arteries?

2. What is the direction with regards to the heart and cappillaries with veins?

Arteries: heart --> capillaries

Veins: capillaries --> heart

Arteries have a thicker muscle layer and greater elasticity.

This is because they must accommodate high pressure as blood flows out of the heart.

Thinner

This is because they convey blood back to the heart at lower velocity and pressure.

False

Think of the pulmonary arteries

What is Bernoulli's principle?

2. Where do we see decreases in blood flow?

1. Rate of flow inversely related to total flow area.

2.  Artery to arterioles and arterioles to capillary beds

note: decrease in blood flow facilitates material exchange.

1. What is the shape of red blood cells, what does this accomplish?

2.What do RBCs lack?

3. Where are RBCs produced?

1. biconcave, which accomplishes high surface area.

2. They lack nuclei and mitochondria

3. They are produced in bone marrow, EPO (a hormone) stimulates production.

d)They contain mitochondria

They contain neither mitochondria or nuclei

TFO: Cardiovascular Disease

Over 50% of deaths in the USA!

Metabolism is proportional to body mass.

Body surface area increases with square of body
length, but mass increases with the cube of
body length.

Body volume (rather than body length).

In humans, the lung surface is 100 m2, whereas the body surface is 2 m2.

What ar two requirements for body surface gas exchange (diffusion)?

What are examples of animals that use diffusion?

-Must stay wet.

-Need high SA to V

Amphibians (partial diffusion), flatworms (platyhelminthes)

1) High SA: gill surface area can exceed body surface area

2)Ventilate : Water is moved past gills by muscular activity (ventilation). Water denser is than air

d) A and B

a) Water is denser than air
b) Water contains much less O2 than air per unit volume

Tracheal System; it limits size, hence the size relatively small size of insects.

Note: Insects have an open circulatory system (not involved in gas exchange) and no lungs.

TFO: Meganeura spp.

GIANT DRAGONFLY

– Carboniferous (300 mya)
–> 2 foot wingspan
• Consumed amphibians, other insects
• Tracheal system
–Oxygen and CO2
–time ~ (length)2
•How?
–Oxygen contect currently 20%
–Then: 35% (explains how such a large insect existed)

d) A and B

a)Ability of the exoskeleton to support the organism’s mass
b)The time required for oxygen to travel through trachea via diffusion

Fill in the blanks:

Inhalation
1)Rib cage      ....
2)Diaphragm       …
3) Air pulled in.

What mechanism monitors CO2 levels?

What does it use to guage the level of CO2?

1. The Medulla monitors CO2.

2. It does this by taking cues from PH.

Lower pH = higher CO2 So, breathing rate increases.

Non-specific: innate immunity

Specific: Acquired immunity

They must invade the host cell.

they are intracellular

You become infected by a pathogen that has hijacked a cell's molecular machinery to replicate itself, causing cellular damage and death. The pathogen is most likely a.

a. bacterium

b. protist

c. platyhelminth

d. virus

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

-proteins expressed on cell surfaces

-super diverse group of genes (no 2 people alike)

-It is how animals "smell" offspring and relatives

The acquired immune response          with repeated exposure.

improves

note: this entails the recognition of antigens and the production of antibodies.

Acquired Immunity

B-Cells and antibodies are part of what response; humoral or cell-mediated?

Humoral

responsible for primary and secondary responses.

Skin and mucous membranes

note: these barriers use chemical defenses like the acidity of sweat to protect.

Macrophages (big eaters)

Neutrophils (70% of white blood cells)

Eosinophils (deal with macroparasites)

1. Circulation to the site increases -> tissue becomes warm, red, swollen.

2. WBC's leak into tissues->engulf and destroy bacteria.

3. Histamine produced by mast cells -> vessel dialation, increased blood flow, attract more white blood cells.

You accidentally expose yourself to anthrax, a bacterial parasite that infects the extracellular tissues in your body (i.e. not a intracellular parasite). Which of the following lines of defense in your immune system would you NOT expect to respond to this invasion:

a. macrophages

b. natural killer cells

c. neutrophils

d. antimicrobial peptides

e. none of the above i.e. all of the above would respond.

B lymphocytes: antibody-mediated response in which antibodies are produced.

T lymphocytes: cell-mediated response in which T cells directly attack unwanted cells.

Now you accidentally expose yourself to a non-lethal intracellular pathogen. Which of the following lines of defense in your immune system would you expect to respond?

a. interferons

b. cytotoxic t-cells

c. macrophages

d. b and c

e. a and b

e. a and b

a. interferons

b. cytotoxic t-cells

TFO: SUPER SPREADERS

Typhoid Mary

-Typhoid fever in early 1900s

-Unsanitary cook

-linked to 47 cases

-healthy (asympotomatic carrier)

TFO : SUPER SPREADERS

Geatan Dugas - AIDS

-Canadian Flight Attendant

-LA, NY, SF, Paris, etc.

-One hundred partners/year

-Patient zero???

TFO: SUPER SPREADERS

Esther Mok - SARS