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Biology Final
Biology Final Study Guide
133
Biology
Undergraduate 2
05/13/2011

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Cards

Term
What are the five steps in the scientific method?
Definition
Observation / Hypothesis / Prediction / Experiment / Conclusion
Term
List the characteristics shared by all living organisms
Definition

1. Require energy and raw materials (metabolism)

2. Are composed of cells

3. Maintain homeostasis

4. Grow and reproduce

5. Respond to environment

6. Are capable of evolving

Term
List the 3 domains.
Definition
Bacteria / Archaea / Eukarya
Term
What is an atom?
Definition

An atom is the smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element.

 

Term
List the types of organisms found in each domain and kingdom under Eukarya
Definition

1. Protists (Volvox, Amoeba, Paramecium, algae)

 

2. Plants

 

3. Fungi (mushrooms, molds, yeast)

 

4. Animals

Term
What is the correct order of hierarchy (Kingdom, Phylum, Class, ...)?
Definition

Keep Pots Clean Or Family Gets Sick

 

1. Kingdom

2. Phylum

3. Class

4. Order

5. Family

6. Genus

7. Species

Term
Is a virus considered alive
Definition
No, viruses sit on the fence between life and non-life.
Term
What is taxonomy?
Definition

Taxonomy is the identification, naming, and classification of species.

Term
Who is considered the “Father of Taxonomy?”
Definition
Carolus Linnaeus (1700’s) - “Father of Modern Taxonomy”
Term
What are the rules of writing Genus species?
Definition

1. Names should be in Latin.

 

2. First name is the Genus, the second name is the species.

 

3. Genus is Capitalized and species is lowercase.

 

4. Both names are either italicized or underlined. a. e.g. Canis lupus, or Homo sapien

Term
Why use Latin for scientific names?
Definition
Dead language, therefore it is not subject to change.
Term
What is Ecology the study of?
Definition

Study of how living things interact with each other & with their environment

 

Eco = house

ology = “study of”

Term
What are the abiotic factors?
Definition

The abiotic component consists of nonliving chemical and physical factors

 

1. Sunlight

2. Water

3. Temperature

4. Wind

5. Rocks and Soil

6. Periodic Distrubances

 

 

Term
What are the four types of ecology?
Definition

Ecology can be divided into four increasingly comprehensive levels.

 

1. Organismal ecology

 

2. Population ecology

 

3. Community ecology

 

4. Ecosystem ecology

Term
What are the names and characteristics of the trophic levels?
Definition

1. Primary Producers– plants, algae or autotrophic bacteria

 

2. Primary Consumers - Herbivores, which eat plants, algae, or autotrophic bacteria.

 

3. Secondary Consumers include many small mammals, such as rodents, and small fishes that eat zooplankton.

 

4. Tertiary consumers, such as snakes, eat mice and other secondary consumers.

 

5.Quaternary Consumers (Apex) include hawks and killer whales

 

Detritivores, or decomposers derive their energy from the dead material left by all trophic levels and are often left off of most food chain diagrams.

Term
What is the difference between a food chain and a food web?
Definition

A food chain is the sequence of food transfer from trophic level to trophic level.

 

Food Webs:

 

The feeding relationships in an ecosystem.

 

The collection of all the food chains in an ecosystem.

 

 

Food webs are dynamic and change over time, depending on the time of year, types of species that are around, and the size, age or sex of the predator.

Term
What are the different feeding types?
Definition
Herbivore / Carnivore / Omnivore
Term
What is matter
Definition

Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass


Matter is found on the Earth in three physical states

(a.) solid

(b.) liquid

(c.) gas

 

Matter is composed of chemical elements

 

Term
What are elements?
Definition
Elements are substances that cannot be broken down into other substances

The are 92 naturally occurring elements on Earth

Each element consists of one kind of atom

An atom is the smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element.
Term
what are compounds?
Definition
Compounds are substances that contain two or more elements in a fixed ratio

Example: NaC1 (salt)
Term
What are the parts of an atom?
Definition
Atoms are composed of subatomic particles -

(a.) A proton is positively charged.

(b.) An electron is negatively charged.

(c.) A neutron is electrically neutral.
Term
How do atoms bond with other atoms?
Definition
Ionic Bonds:
(a.) When an atom loses or gains electrons, it becomes electrically charged.

(b.) Charged atoms are called ions.

(c.) IONIC BONDS are formed between oppositely charged ions.

Covalent Bonds:
(a.) A covalent bond forms when two atoms SHARE one or more pairs of outer-shell electrons.

Hydrogen Bonds:
(a.) Studied in isolation, the water molecule is deceptively simple, its two hydrogen atoms are joined to one oxygen atom by single COVALENT bonds.

(b.) But the electrons of the covalent bonds are not shared equally between oxygen and hydrogen, this unequal sharing makes water a POLAR molecule.

(c.) The polarity of water results in weak electrical attractions between neighboring water molecules, these interactions are called hydrogen bonds.
Term
What are biotic factors?
Definition
Biotic Factors includes the living factors - plants, animals etc.
Term
What are the general differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Definition
Prokaryotic cells are:

Smaller the eukaryotic cells

Lack internal structures surrounded by membranes

Do not have a nucleus
Term
What are at least three major differences between plant and animal cells?
Definition
Plant cells do not have a CENTRIOLE

Animal cells do not have CHLOROPLAST

Animal cells do not have a CELL WALL

Animal cells generally do not have VACUOLE
Term
What is the function of a mitochondrion?
Definition
Powerhouse

Makes ATP
Term
What is the function of a chloroplast?
Definition
Chloroplasts are the sites of photosynthesis, the conversion of light energy to chemical energy

Makes glucose
Term
What is the function of a lysosome?
Definition
A lysosome is a membrane-enclosed sac

It contains digestive enzymes

The enzymes break down macromolecules
Term
What is the function of a nucleus?
Definition
The nucleus is the manager of the cell

Genes in the nucleus store information necessary to produce proteins
Term
What is the function of a cell membrane?
Definition
Cell membranes control the movement of material into and out of the cell.
Term
What is a cell membrane composed of?
Definition
The membranes of cells are composed of:

Lipids and Proteins
Term
What is the function of Rough ER?
Definition
Modifies proteins that will be shipped elsewhere in the organism.
Term
What is the function of a Ribosome?
Definition
Make proteins

Protein synthesis
Term
What is the function of the nucleolus
Definition
Makes Ribosomes
Term
What is the function of the Flagella
Definition
Movement
Term
What is an enzyme?
Definition
Enzymes are molecules (proteins) that speed up chemical reactions.
Term
What is ATP
Definition
The energy currency of cells.
Term
If multiple atoms are joined together they form a ...?
Definition
Molecule
Term
What is the order of life from Micro to Macro?
Definition
Atom
Molecule
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Organism
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Term
Fat is a type of carbohydrate (T/F)
Definition
False

Fat is a lipid
Term
What is the building block of a lipid
Definition
Fatty Acids
Term
What is the building block of a protein?
Definition
Amino Acids
Term
What are the building blocks of a carbohydrate?
Definition
Sugars
Term
Cellulose is a type of carbohydrate (T/F)
Definition
True

It is a polymer

A polysaccharide
Term
What percentage of your body is made up of water?
Definition
60% - 70%
Term
What is the smallest unit of an element that maintains the properties of that element?
Definition
An atom
Term
If two atoms are sharing an electron they're forming a -
Definition
Covalent Bond
Term
Which bond is the strongest?
Definition
Covalent bonds
Term
Which bond is the weakest?
Definition
Hydrogen Bonds
Term
This property of water molecule accounts for its ability to be a good solvent and regulate temperature
Definition
Polarity
Term
The powerhouse of the cell is the -
Definition
Mitochondria

Makes energy in the form of ATP
Term
The process by which our cells make energy in the form of ATP
Definition
Cellular Respiration
Term
What makes up a cell membrane?
Definition
Proteins and phospholipids
Term
What is hydrophyllic
Definition
attracts water
Term
what is hydrophobic?
Definition
repels water
Term
Can glucose pass through the phospholipid membrane without the help of a transport protein?
Definition
No it is too big

Needs to use a transport protein

Known as facilitated transport
Term
What is the function of the Golgi Apperatus
Definition
Processes and packages proteins, lipids and other molecules for export to other parts of the organism
Term
What is the function of the Smooth ER
Definition
Makes lipids
Term
Where is messenger RNA made?
Definition
Nucleus
Term

This cell is in what phase?

[image]

[image]

Definition
Interphase
Term

This cell is in what phase?

[image]

Definition
Metaphase
Term

This cell is in what phase?

[image]

Definition
Prophase
Term

This cell is in what phase?

[image]

Definition
anaphase
Term

This cell is in what phase?

[image]

Definition
Telophase
Term
Plants bring in CO2 through?
Definition
stomata
Term
What do plants bring in through roots
Definition
Water
Term
What does xylem carry?
Definition
Water
Term
All cells use ATP for energy (T/F)
Definition
True
Term
What is mitosis
Definition
Cell reproduction or cell division
Term
How many chromosomes are found in a human sperm?
Definition
23
Term
What do we call a cell that has only half the genetic information?
Definition
Haploid
Term
What's another term for a sex cell?
Definition
Gamete
Term
What is a zygote?
Definition
A fertilized egg
Term
How many chromosomes does a normal human cell have?
Definition
46
Term
What's the difference between RNA and DNA?
Definition
DNA is double stranded (double helix)

RNA is single stranded
Term
What are the four letters for DNA and which ones match up?
Definition
A / T / C / G

A - T

C - G
Term
What are the four nucleotides for RNA
Definition
A / U / C / G
Term
Who came up with the theory of evolution and natural selection?
Definition
Charles Darwin
Term
Who is considered the father of genetics?
Definition
Gregor Mendel
Term
What is this genotype:

tt
Definition
Homozygous recessive
Term
What is this genotype:

Tt
Definition
Heterozygous
Term
What is this genotype:

TT
Definition
Homozygous dominant
Term
What are the three BASICS of natural selection?
Definition
VIC


Variation

Inheritance

Competition
Term
What are the five EVIDENCES of evolution
Definition
F C C B M

Fresno City College Biology Masters

Fossil Record

Comparitive Anatomy

Comparitive Embryology

Biogeography

Molecular Biology
Term
What are the three OUTCOMES of natural selection?
Definition
Directional (peppered moths, white or brown mice)

Diversifying (big and small salmon reproduce

Stabilizing (human birth weight)
Term
Can an individual organism evolve?
Definition
No
Term
What's the smallest thing that can evolve?
Definition
Population
Term
The bottleneck effect is an example of?
Definition
Genetic Drift
Term
What are the four causes of microevolution?
Definition
Gene flow

Genetic Drift

Mutations

Natural Selection
Term
Peppered moths are an example of?
Definition
Directional selection.
Term
A species is a group of organisms that ... ?
Definition
Can breed with each other
Term
What are two post-zygotic barriers?
Definition
Hybrid sterility

Hybrid inviability
Term
What are the five pre-zygotic barriers?
Definition
Habitat

Temporal

Behavioral

Gametic

Mechanical
Term
What is gene flow?
Definition
Genetic exchange with another population.
Term
What are mutations?
Definition
Changes in an organism's DNA
Term
What are the two types of energy?
Definition
Kinetic

Potential
Term
What is kinetic energy?
Definition
The energy of moving objects (motion)
Term
What is potential energy?
Definition
Potential energy is stored energy
Term
What is a genotype?
Definition
An organisms genetic makeup
Term
What is a phenotype?
Definition
An organism's physical traits
Term
What is significant about Darwin's finches?
Definition
Darwin's finches are an excellent example of natural selection and adaptive evolution.
Term
What is speciation?
Definition
The division of one species into two or more.
Term
What is a fossil?
Definition
Preserved remnants or impressions left by organisms that lived in the past.
Term
What is biogeography?
Definition
The study of the geographic distribution of species.
Term
What is comparative anatomy?
Definition
The comparison of body structure between different species.
Term
What are homologous structures?
Definition
The similarity in structures due to common ancestry.

Whale, bat, human and cat are homologous

Bird and Dragonfly are not
Term
What is comparative embryology?
Definition
The comparison of structures that appear during the development of different organisms.
Term
What is molecular biology
Definition
Evolutionary relationships among species
Term
What percentage of DIFFERENCE is there between human and chimp DNA?
Definition
Two percent
Term
What was the name of the ship Darwin embarked on when he left Great Britain to explore the world?
Definition
H.M.S. Beagle
Term
What was Darwin's job on the H.M.S. Beagle?
Definition
Naturalist
Term
What is a niche?
Definition
Your JOB as a species
Term
What is a habitat?
Definition
WHERE you live.
Term
What is variation?
Definition
Individuals in a population that vary in morphology, behavior, etc.
Term
What is inheritance
Definition
Some variations are heritable, parents pass them off to their offspring.
Term
What can result from COMPETITION in natural selection?
Definition
The reproductive capacity of organisms exceeds the food supply, creating competition for resources.
Term
What is a monohybrid cross?
Definition
A monohybrid cross is a cross between individuals that differ in only one characteristic.

purple flowers / white flowers
Term
What is a Dihybrid Cross?
Definition
Individuals that differ in TWO characteristics

seed color / seed shape
Term
What are the four simple building blocks of a cell?
Definition

1. Sugars

 

2. Amino Acids

 

3. Nucleotides

 

4. Lipids

Term
What are the big four elements most abundant in life?
Definition

Oxygen

 

Carbon

 

Hydrogen

 

Nitrogen

Term
What is a covalent bond?
Definition
A strong bond formed when atoms share electrons in order to become more stable, forming a molecule.
Term
What is an Ionic Bond?
Definition
An attraction betweeen two oppositely charged ions, forming a compound.
Term
What is a Hydrogen Bond?
Definition
An attraction between the slightly positively charged hydrogen atom of one molecule and the slightly negatively charged atom of another.
Term
Charged atoms are called?
Definition
ions
Term
What is the function of the Smooth ER
Definition
Makes lipids
Term
Glucose and fructose are Monosaccharides (T/F)
Definition
True
Term
Lactose and sucrose are dissacharides (T/F)
Definition
True
Term
Cellulose and Starch are monosaccharides (T/F)
Definition

False

 

They are Polysaccharides

Term
Fat, and cholesterol are examples of?
Definition
Lipids
Term
Lactase and enzymes are examples of?
Definition
Protein
Term
DNA and RNA are examples of?
Definition
Nucleic acids
Term
Sugars and starches are examples of?
Definition
Carbohydrates
Term
What are the six phases in a cell cycle
Definition

I polished my apple today cytokinesis

 

Interphase

 

Prophase

 

Metaphase

 

Anaphase

 

Telophase

 

Cytokinesis

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