1.  is a form of asexual reproduction and cell division used by all prokaryotes (bacteria and archaebacteria) and some organelles within eukaryotic organisms 

1. are biological molecules (proteins) that act as catalysts and help complex reactions occur everywhere in life. 
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1.  cell division that results in four daughter cells 
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Spirillum

 helically twisted bacterial cell often, Spirillium live in stagnant water.

1.  technique used to differentiate two large groups of bacteria based on their different cell wall constituents. Gram positive and Gram negative groups by coloring these cells red or violet.
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1. If an antibiotic stops the bacteria from growing or kills the bacteria, there will be an area around the wafer where the bacteria have not grown enough to be visible. 

 is a laboratory technique used to make multiple copies of a segment of DNA

1.  genetic makeup of a cell, specific characteristic 

1. dynamics of species populations and how these populations interact with the environment.the population sizes of species groups change over time and space.
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Polymeric sequences

The intermediate formed when a substrate molecule interacts with the active site of an enzyme. Following the formation of an enzyme–substrate complex, the substrate molecule undergoes a chemical reaction and is converted into a new product.

the branch of biology that deals with the relations of organisms to one another and to their physical surroundings.

short pre-existing polynucleotide chain towhich new deoxyribonucleotides can be added by dNA polymerase.

1.  is a laboratory method used to separate mixtures of DNA, RNA, or proteins according to molecular size. In gel electrophoresis, the molecules to be separated are pushed by an electrical field through a gel that contains small pores.
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is a cell or organism that has paired chromosomes, one from each parent. In humans, cells other than human sex cells, are diploid and have 23 pairs of chromosomes. Human sex cells (egg and sperm cells) contain a single set of chromosomes and are known as haploid.

 is the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes that results in recombinant chromosomes. It is one of the final phases of genetic recombination, which occurs during prophase I of meiosis during a process called synapsis.

a type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus, typical of ordinary tissue growth.

1.  allelic drift is the change in the frequency of a gene variant (allele) in a population due to random sampling of organisms.
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1. also known as a thermocycler, PCR machine or DNA amplifier) is a laboratory apparatus most commonly used to amplify segments of DNA via the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
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1. is the term used when a cell has only one set of chromosomes. A normal eukaryote organism is composed of diploid cells, one set of chromosomes from each parent. However, after meiosis, the number of chromosomes in gametes is halved.
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