digestive tract

tube that begins at the mouth and ends at

the anus

extracellular digestion

type of digestion in which food is

broken down outside the cells in a digestive system and then

absorbed

digestive chamber with a single

opening

 type of digestion in which food is

digested inside specialized cells that pass nutrients to other

cells by diffusion

 stomach chamber in cows and related animals in

which symbiotic bacteria digest cellulose

feathery structure specialized for the exchange of gases

with water

respiratory organ; place where gases are exchanged

between the blood and inhaled air

 one of many tiny air sacs at the end of

a bronchiole in the lungs that provides surface area for gas

exchange to occur

hollow muscular organ that pumps blood throughout

the body

type of circulatory system in

which blood is only partially contained within a system of

blood vessels as it travels through the body

upper chamber of the heart that receives

blood from the rest of the

type of circulatory system in

which blood circulates entirely within blood vessels that

extend throughout the body

lower chamber of the heart that pumps blood

out of heart to the rest of the body

 process by which metabolic wastes are eliminated

from the body

 an organ of excretion that separates wastes and

excess water from the blood

Malpighian tubule

structure in most terrestrial arthropods

that concentrates the uric acid and adds it to digestive

wastes

excretory structure of an

annelid that filters body fluid

Herbivores

 eat plants or parts of plants in terrestrial

and aquatic habitats.

symbiosis

 the dependency of

one species on another.

Parasitic Symbionts

Parasites live within or on a host organism,

where they feed on tissues or on blood and other body fluids.

Mutualistic Symbionts

Canines

Canines are pointed teeth.

Carnivores use them for piercing,

gripping, and tearing. In herbivores,

canines are reduced or absent.

Molars and Premolars

The sharp edges

of these teeth slice and dice meat into

small pieces. These teeth have ridges

that inlerlock during chewing like the

blades of scissors.

Incisors

Chisel-like incisors

are used for cutting,

gnawing, and grooming.

Molars and Premolars

Broad, flattened molars and premolars are

adapted for grinding leaf

plants, like two pieces of

sandpaper wearing down

wood .

The teeth and jaws of herbivores,

such as horses,

 are adapted for

pulling, rasping, and grinding

plant leaves.

Carnivores mouthparts

typically have sharp mouthparts

or other structures that can capture food, hold it, and

"slice and dice' it into small pieces

Carnivorous invertebrates and

vertebrates digestive tracts

* short digestive tracts

* produce fast-acting,meat-digesting enzymes. These enzymes can digest most

cell types found in animal tissues .

* No animal produces digestive enzymes that can break down the cellulose in plant tissue

Cattle digestion

* have a pouchlike extension of their esophagus called a rumen (plural: rumina), in which symbiotic bacteria digest cellulose. * Animals with rumina, or ruminants, regurgitate food that has been partially digested in the rumen, chew it again, and reswallow it.

* This process is called "chewing the cud."

What characteristics do the

respiratory structures of all animals share?

* a large surface area of moist, selectively

permeable membrane.

* maintain a difference in the relative

concentrations of oxygen and carbon

dioxide on either side of the respiratory

membrane, promoting diffusion.

How do aquatic animals breathe?

Many aquatic invertebrates and most aquatic chordates other than reptiles and mammals exchange gases through gills.

Aquatic reptiles and aquatic mammals,

such as whales, breathe with lungs and must hold their breath underwater.

book lungs

Spiders; are made of

parallel, sheetlike layers of thin

tissues that contain blood vessels.

What respiratory structures enable land animals

to brealhe?

Respiratory structures

in terrestrial invertebrates include skin, mantle cavities, book lungs, and tracheal tubes,

All terrestrial

vertebrates-reptiles, birds, mammals, and the land stages of most amphibians-breathe with lungs.

How do animals manage toxic nitrogenous waste?

Animals either eliminate ammonia from the body quickly or convert it into other nitrogenous compounds that are less toxic

How do aquatic animals eliminate wastes?

In general, aquatic animals can allow ammonia to diffuse out of their bodies into surrounding

water, which dilutes the ammonia and carries it away.

How do land animals remove wasfes while conserving water?

*some terrestrial invertebrates (mollusks):  produce urine in nephridia .

 *some terrestrial invertebrates (insects

and arachnids) convert ammonia into uric acid.

 *Mammals and land amphibians

convert ammonia into urea, which is excreted in urine. In most reptiles and birds, ammonia is converted into uric acid.