What role do nutrients play in the body?

• Provide Energy
• Growth
• Maintenance/Repair

What are nutrients?

• Substances in food that provide energy

What are the four macronutrients?

• Water
• Carbohydrates
• Fats
• Proteins

• Water: deliver nutrients and oxygen through circulatory system, maintian body temp
• Carbs: main energy source
• Proteins: contains amino acids needed for the body
• Fats: energy, and protection of the organs

What are the two types of carbohydrates?

• Dietary Carbs
• Complex Carbs

What are proteins made of?

• Proteins are made of amino acids found in different foods

What are Essential Amino Acids?

• Amino acids that the body cannot produce on its own

What are complete proteins?

• Complete proteins contain essential amino acids

Essential Fatty Acids

• Fatty acids the body cannot naturally make

Saturated Fat

• solid at room temperature
• CARBON to HYDROGEN BONDS

Unsaturated Fats

• CARBON to CARBON BONDS
• liquid at room temperature

Hydrogenation

• Hydrogen gas and vegtable oils are combines to make unsaturdated fats

Trans Fats

• Artificially produced fats

What type of foods contain more nutrients, vitamins, and minerals than processed foods?

• Whole Foods

Passive Transport does not require what?

• Energy

What three ways can passive transport occur by?

• Diffusion
• Facilitated Diffusion: molecules are transported by proteins
• Osmosis: movement of water across a membrane

What types of concentration does diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis go through?

• High concentration to Low concentration

Active transport requires what and goes through what types of concentration?

• Requires energy
• Low concentration to High concentration

What is the name of the process that

• takes in large molecules to the cell
• when large molecules leave the cell

• Endocytosis
• Exocytosis

What is the structure and function of the plasma membrane?

• Structure: made of phospholipids & semi-permiable
• Function: allows specific substances to pass through the membrane until both sides are entirely balanced & can also stop other substances from entering at all

What happens to the plasma membrane during endocytosis and exocytosis?

• Endocytosis: Plasma membrane is pinched inward
• Exocytosis: Membrane-bound vesciles fuse with the plasma membrane

Cancer cells are a result of what type of cell division?

• Replicated

Replicated cell division can produce what types of tumors? Describe each:

• Benign: tumors that stay in one place and don't affect surrounding tissue
• Malignant: tumors that invade and affect surround tissues
• Metastasize: tumors that break away and start new cancers in other locations

Define Carcinogens:

• 20 known cancer causing substances in tobacco smoke

Define DNA:

• Deoxyribonucleuic Acid
• a copy of dividing material from cells

Define Genes:

• Instructions from DNA for building proteins that cells require

Define Chromosomes:

• the structure of DNA wrapped around proteins in the nucleus

Define Sister Chromatids:

• Has 1 DNA molecule
• The copied chromosomes

Define Centromere:

• The section of the middle where the sister chromatids are attatched

What are the three steps of the cell cycle?

• Interphase
• Mitosis
• Cytokinesis

List and Describe the stages of Mitosis

• Interphase: DNA copies
• Prophase: nuclear envelope breaks down & centrioles move to the poles
• Metaphase: chromosomes line up in the middle
• Anaphase: sister chromatids are pulled apart
• Telophase: nuclear envelope reforms, centrioles disappear, and DNA turns back to chromatin
• Cytokinesis: cyptoplasm divides into two cells

Cytokinesis results in the division of how many cells?

• TWO cells

What do plant cells have the animal cells don't have?

• A cell wall