Term
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Definition
- Primordial soup
- Organic Compounds from inorganic precursors
- Water, Hydrogen, Ammonia, methane
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Term
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Definition
- Hydrothermal vent, methane and amonia produced by vents react with carbon dioxide and or mineral sulfides
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Term
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Definition
- First developed by Robert Hooke, 1665, whi described cells of a cork
- Matthias schleiden, 1839, theorized that cells are the basic unit for plants
- Theodore Schwann, 1839, cells are the basic unit of life
- smallest living organism is a cell
- The functional unit of other organisms
- Cells are small, invisible to the unaided eye
- cells are small due to the surface area to culume ratio
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Term
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Definition
- Bacteria: Eubacteria(true bacteria) and Archeabacteria(extremeophiles)
- All have: cytosol, single chromosome, a cell membrane and a cell wall.
- Do NOT have: organelles, nucleus
- DNA is note enclosed in a nucleus but rather a nubleoid
- Encased by a cell wall
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Term
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Definition
- Arose about 2 bya
- Prokaryotic became Eukaryotic
- Specialized organelles which have their own DNA
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Term
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Definition
- Houses DNA inside nuclear envelope
- Chromosome made up of DNA
- Nucleolus produces ribosomes
- Nuclear envelope is a double membrane, which resembles a prokaryotic cell
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Term
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Definition
- Rough ER: Ribosomes end up here and the signt of protein synthesis
- Smooth ER: lipid synthesis and detoxification
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Term
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Definition
- Modify, sort, and export proteins
- Transport vesicles in and fro Er
- secretory vesicles out to other organelles or the plasma membrane
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Term
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Definition
- Contain digestive enzymes
- Digest macromolecules, pathogens, and organelles
- Autolysis: how a cell destroys itself
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Term
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Definition
- Cellular respiration occurs here
- releases energy (ATP) for cellular functions
- uses oxygen and glucose to produce ATP
- Has its own DNA, circular like bacteria
- Oxygen goes into the mitochondria during cellular respiration, carbon dioxide comes out
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Term
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Definition
- reactions of photosynthesis occur here
- from cyanobacteria
- contain light capturing pigments
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Term
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Definition
- provides the structure and itnerior scaffolding
- Microfilaments: changes in cell shape
- Intermediate filaments: maintain cell chape
- Microtubules: organelle and cell movement; mitosis
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Term
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Definition
- Causes water to leave the cell, less water and mroe colute in solution
- More solute
- In terms of osmosis, refers to which way water moves or where it is mroe concentrated
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Term
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Definition
- causes water to ente the cell, more water and less solute
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Term
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Definition
- equal concentration on the inside and out
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Term
| Type of Membrane proteins |
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Definition
- Transport: regulate the movement of most water soluble molecules through the plasma membrane (channel and carrier proteins)
- Receptor: molecular triggers that set off cellular respiration when specific molecules in the extracellular fluid bind to them (hormones)
- Recognition: identification tags on the cell surface recognize foreign or invading cells and destroy (glycoproteins)
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Term
| Types of Transport: passive |
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Definition
- Facilitated diffusion (ion channel): channel proteins allow the flow of charged ions cross the plasma membrane down the concentration gradient
- faciliated diffusion: channel proteins grab a specific moleucle on one side and carry it to the other side
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Term
| Types of Transport: active |
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Definition
- Carrier proteins that require cellular energy (ATP) to move molecules across the plasma membrane, usually against a concentration gradient
- Has two sites: Solute and ATP
- the Na+K+ pump is a carrier protein and also requires energy
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Term
| Exocytosis and Endocytosis |
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Definition
- Exocytosis: macromolecules are secreted from cell.
- Endocytosis: cell consumption of extracellular material
- IE Phagocytosis (cell extends to fuse around said object), Pinocytosis (small portion of Plasma Membrane dimples inward surrounding solutes and single molecules)
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Term
| DNA Replication: Overview |
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Definition
- Semi-conservative replication in the nucleus: occurs during S-phase of Interphase, DNA helicase unzips helix, DNA polymerase facilitates nucleotide base pair assembly
- New Nucleotides are assembled by DNA polymerase in 5' (phosphate) to 3' (sugar)direction
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Term
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Definition
- DNA never leaves the nucleus
- RNA faciliates gene expression
- mRNA is assembled by RNA polymerase in 5' to 3' direction
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Term
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Definition
- Occurs in the ribosome
- mRNA sequence is translatied into an amino acid sequence
- tRNA carries the amino acids and allowing tRNA anti-codons to pair with mRNA codons = polypeptide chain is formed.
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Term
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Definition
- For somatic cells only
- results in 23 homologous pairs and a diploid
- Interphase: Before mitosis begins. Chromosomes are doubled. Each chromosome forms into two chromatids.
- Prophase: Chromosomes condence from long strands into rodlike structures.
- Metaphase: Nuclear membrane disolves. Paired chromatids align at the cell's equator attached to spindle fibers.
- Anaphase:The paired chromatids seperate and each chromatid is pulled to the opposite side of the cell.
- Telophase: nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes, and they condense. Mitosis is complete.
- Cytokinesis: Animal cell:The cell pinches in two.
- Plant cell-a cell plate forms and seperates the cell into two at the center.
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Term
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Definition
- Germline cells
- Has two rounds of cell division, which increases variability in population
- Prophase I: homologous pairs become intertwined, exchange genetic sequences of DNA, called crossing over, which also increases genetic variability
- Metaphase I: alignment of homologous pairs on the equator, independent assortment adds another layer to genetic diversity
- Anaphase I: homologous pairs are separated, sister chromatids remain in tact.
- Meiosis II: begins with two haploid cells ends with 4 haploid cells. SEE MITOSIS FOR DETAILS
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Term
| Gregor Mendel and his theories |
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Definition
- (1822-1884)
- Austrian monk who correctly deduced the process of heredity, despite being unaware of heredity
- applied mathematical analyysis to previous observations
- his experimental system: Pisum sativum and selective heritable traints, self fertilization
- true breeding strains only expressed on trait in their offspring.
- First Law Segregation: each gamete carries only one version of a particular allele
- 2nd Law of Independent Assortment: genes located on different chromosomes are inherited independently (IE metaphase)
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Term
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Definition
- a sequence of DNA that results in a protein traint
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Term
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Definition
- Alternate versions of a gene trait
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Term
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Definition
- Homologous chromosomes carry two different alleles for the same gene
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Term
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Definition
- Homologous chromosomes carry two different alleles for the same gene (can be dominant or recessive)
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Term
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Definition
- Makes by the presence of a dominant allele; not expressed in the heterozygote genotpye
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Term
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Definition
- The physical expression of the genotype
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Term
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Definition
- Polygenic: can be influenced by two genes via continuous variation. Also called qualative or multifactoral inheritance. IE skin color
- Pleiotropic: have more than one effect, results in many phenotypes. Muraation which leads to a group of symptoms and phenotypes. IE cystic fibrosis
- Incomplete dominance: heterozygous phenotype. IE flower colors
- Codominance: more than two alleles on each gene are expressed in a heterozygous individual. IE blood type, though it does NOT HAVE ITS OWN PHENOTYPE
- Sex-linked: x linked inheritance genes not found on y chromosome. IE Hemophilia
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Term
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Definition
- Defined as the capacity to do work
- Kinetic Energy: energy of movement.
- Potential energy: stored energy.
- Electromagnetic: Light energy
- Chemical energy: energy between bonds
- Mechanical energy: energy of objects
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Term
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Definition
- First Law: Energy cannot be created nor destroyed, only transformed.
- 2nd Law: 90% of energy is lost as heat each step down the trophic levels. Entropy is always increasing.
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Term
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Definition
- Adinosintriphosphate
- The most common energy carrier molecule in cells
- Nitrogen containing base (adinosine), sugar (ribose), and 3 phosphate groups
- Energy from glucose metabolism is stored between phosphate molecuels, which produces ATP from ADP
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Term
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Definition
- Exergonic Reactions (energy out): the reactants have more energy than the products. IE cellular respiration
- Endergonic reactions (energy in): the products contain more energy than the reactants. IE photosynthesis
- Coupled reaction: An exergonic reaction procieds the energy needed to drive an endergonic reaction
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