Reproduction

Growth and development

Energy processing

Response to environment

Regulation

Evolutionary adaptation

Cell Theory

Schleiden and Schwann (1839)

All organisms are made of cells and all cells come from pre-existing cells.

All cells are surrounded by a plasma membrane

All cells contain DNA at some time in its life

Cytosol

Domains

Domain Bacteria

Domain Archea

Domain Eukarya

Kingdom Fungi

Kingom Plantae

Kingdom Animalia

Protists

Domain Eukarya

Kingdom Animalia

Phylum Chordata

Class Mamalia

Order Primates

Family Hominidae

Genus Homo

Species Homo sapiens

From specific to general

(using specific observations to make a general conclusion)

Observations

Questions

Hypothesis

Prediction

Observations

Conclusions

Replications (Replicated regardless if hypotheses is supported)

Observations

Questions

Hypothesis

Prediction

Dependent Variable

Independent Variable

Controlled Variables

Experimental Group

Control Group

Conclusions

Replications (Replicated regardless if hypotheses is supported)

Between-Groups Design

Elements

Basic substance of nature

Have characteristic atoms

At least 92 naturally occuring elements

About 25 occur in living organisms

O- Oxygen

C- Carbon

H- Hydrogen

N- Nitrogen

Atoms

Smallest particles of nature that cannot be divided and retain characteristics of elements

The closer electrons are to the nucleus, the less potential energy the electrons have

The further, more potential energy

Average distance from nucleus where electrons are found

K = 2

L = 8

M = 8

Shows the atoms present in a molecule

e.g. H2O

Shows the covalent bonds between atoms and the arrangments of the atoms

e.g. H-H, O=O

How strongly atoms pull on shared electrons

Determined by how many electrons are in the outer shell

Few (1 or 2) vacancies in outer shell.

Tendency to gain extra electron

Readily give up electrons, few electrons in outer shell.

Buffers land and organisms from teperature extremes.

Only common substance to exist asliquid, solid and gas.

Polar molecule that forms hydrogen bonds.

Four emergent properties of water

Cohesion

Moderation of temperature

Expansion upon freezing

Versatile Solvent.

Like molecules bond together.

Solution

Do not dissolve in water.

Hydrocarbons and other nonpolar substances do not dissolve in water.

Organic molecule with only carbon and hydrogen

Nonpolar molecules, Hydrophilic.

Present in Alcohol, Polar, soluble, reactive.

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Present in sugars.

Carbon double bonded to oxygen.

Polar soluble, reactive. Aldehyde and ketone groups.[image]

Oxygen at end of chain.

e.g. Glucose

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Oxygen in the middle of a chain

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Characteristic of arganic acids. Loses hydrogen ion in solution. Highly polar, soluble, reactive.

e.g. Fatty acids, amino acids.[image]

Present in amines. Slightly basic. Polar, soluble, reactive.

e.g. Amino acids

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In organic phosphates. Weak acid.

Often carries energy. Polar, soluble, reactive.

E.g. ATP, RNA, DNA.

(-OPO₃^2-)

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Thiols are compounds with sulfhydryl groups. Stabilize the structure of proteins. Polar, soluble, reactive.

e.g. Cysteine amino acid

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Not really a functional group, but sometimes included.

Hydrocarbon group. Often used to tag molecules.

E.g. Methylation of DNA

(-CH₃)

Sugars and polymers of suger are used for food and for structure.

Contain carbonyl functional group (aldoses and ketoses.)

Often -CH₂O groups recurs.

Differ by number of carbons functional groups present, and spatial arrangement of groups around an asymmetric carbon.

Simple Sugars.

Carbon skeletons serve as raw material for synthesis of other organic compounds.

E.g. Glucose, Fructose, Ribose, Deoxyribose

Monosaccharide.

A product of plant photosynthesis. Reactant in respiration process.

Alpha Glucose, -OH, -H flip Beta Glucose.

(C6H₁₂O₆)

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