Term
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Definition
| miolecules programmed by organisms that are able to control the rate @ which chemical reactions occur |
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Term
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Definition
| a substance that accelerates a chemical reactions w/out itself being affected |
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Term
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Definition
| a reactant molecule with hich the enzyme combines |
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Term
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Definition
| a temporary molecule formed when an enzyme attaches itself to a substrate molecule |
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Term
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Definition
| a specific point on the surface of the enzyme where it can physically attach itself to the substrate |
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Term
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Definition
| the place on the enzyme that causes the substrate to change |
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Term
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Definition
| the 1st part of the name is usually the molecule to which it can attach. the 2nd part is the type of reaction it facilitates. the part "ase" indicates it is an enzyme |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme responsible for breaking the bond that attaches the amino group to something else |
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Term
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Definition
| class of enzymes that take an amino group off of an amino acid |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme that catalyzes the polymeration of deoxyribonucleotides into a DNA strand (making many chains) |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme that catalyzes the linking together of two molecules especially by using the energy derived from the concurrent splitting off of a phosphate group from a triphosphate |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of a chemical bond |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme that breaks starch down into sugar |
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Term
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Definition
| (enzyme helper) inorganic or organic molecules that help enzymes function properly |
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Term
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Definition
| organic molecule that works w/ an enzyme to enable the enzyme to function as a catalyst |
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Term
vitamins
(precursers for many coenzymes) |
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Definition
| the coenzymes we need. play a role in regulating gene action. a group of unrelated molecules used in making certain coenzymes. needed in the body but not manufatured by the body |
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Term
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Definition
| the # of molecules of substrate with which a single molecule of enzyme can react in a given time |
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Term
| how does the environment affect enzyme action |
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Definition
| each enzyme has ideal condition which include temperature, pH, substrate concertration |
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Term
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Definition
| the molecules are moving about quicker so that there's a greater chance of substrate molecules coming into contact with the active site of the enzyme. But too high of a temperature will cause proteins to denature, or to essentially fall apart due to kinetic energy overcoming the strength of the molecular bonds holding the enzyme together. |
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Term
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Definition
| pH affects acidic or alkiline R-groups that make up the enzyme, depending upon the R-groups, pH can cause enzyme to perform better or worse. Often enzyme function lies within a specific range of pH values. If the enzyme is placed outside of the range, then the protein will denature or lose its function due to reactions of the R-groups with the solution, causing a change in configuration of the protein. |
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Term
| enzyme-SUBSTRATE concentration |
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Definition
| when there are huge #s of subtrate molecules it may happen that all enzymes present may be occupied by subtrate molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| results whenever there are sveral kinds of enzymes available to combine w/ the same kind of substrate molecule |
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Term
| cellular control of enzyme action |
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Definition
coordination ensures that reactions happen in the correct order.
regulations ensures that reaction happens at the rate and controls the amount of product that is being made. |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical messegers within a cell that informs the genes as to whether protein producing genes should be turned on or off or whether they should have their protein producing activities increased or decreased |
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Term
| what is the purpose of FAD and NAD? |
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Definition
| to pick up H's electrons and delivering to ETS in the mitochondria. if you wanna know where the electrons are follow the H's |
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Term
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Definition
| decrease enzyme production |
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Term
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Definition
| increase enzyme production |
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Term
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Definition
| a molecule that temporarly attaches itself to an enzyme therefore interfering with the enzymes ability to form an enzyme-substrate complex |
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Term
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Definition
| the formation of temporary enzyme inhibitor complex that interferes with the normal formation of enzyme substrate complexes , results in a decresed turnover # |
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Term
| negative feedback inhibition |
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Definition
| a regulatory mechnisim in which an increase in the stimulus causes a decrease of response and results in homeostasis |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the synthesis of new larger compounds |
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Term
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Definition
| a major series of enzyme controlled reactions linked together |
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Term
ATP
(adrenosine triphosphate) |
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Definition
is the molecule that use to fuel anabolic reactions.
is adensine + 3 phosphate.
formed by the building blocks of adenine, ribose, and phosphates. functions as the primary energy carrier in cells |
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Term
electron carriers
(FAD/NAD) |
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Definition
| speacial molecules can receive can receive the excited electrons and harness that energy |
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Term
|
Definition
| because electrons of an atom are on its exterior the electrons on the outter energy level can be lost more easily to the surrounding particularly if they receive additional ebnergy and move to a higher energy level. when they fall back to their originak position they give up that energy. this activity takes place whenever electrons gain or lose energy |
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Term
| FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide) |
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Definition
| a hydrogen carrier used in respiration |
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Term
| NAD (nicotinmide adenine dinucleotide) |
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Definition
| an electron acceptor and hydrogen carrier used in repiration |
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Term
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Definition
| adding oxygen. when you lose electrons you are oxidized. when you gain electrons you are reduced. |
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Term
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Definition
moves H+ ions across the cristae against the concentration gradient.
an H+ is a nakes H. it has lost the only other thing it has, an electron |
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Term
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Definition
| when large molecules are broken down into smaller parts by the addition of water |
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Term
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Definition
| a reaction that results in the formation of molecules when water is removed from between smaller components |
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Term
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Definition
| electrically charged collections of two or more atoms |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| the only reason you have to pump anything across a cell is because |
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Definition
| you are going against the concentration gradient |
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Term
|
Definition
water goes from areas of high concentration to low concentration
air goes from high pressure to low pressure
things go from high altitude to low altitude
(dont need ATP) (Needs ATP) |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
| lipid based hormes use the primary messenger system because |
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Definition
| they cant directly enter the celland communicate w/ the nucleus system |
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Term
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Definition
| cant enter the cell directly so it uses the secondary messanger system |
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Term
where do you find alot of golgi and ruff ER
(anything that makes alot of proteins that need to be sent out) |
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Definition
| nerve cells, brain cells, pitutory gland, thymus gland, kidneys |
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Term
| what cell in the body do you find alot of mitochondria |
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Definition
|
|
Term
what cell in the body do you find no centroles
(cant divide) |
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Definition
| nerve cells, brain cells, heart cells |
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Term
| which cell in your body has no organelles |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what cell in the body do you find alot of cilia |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| who has alot of peroxisomes |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what cell in the body do you find alot of lysosomes |
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Definition
| speacial white blood cells. (microphage) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
[image]
peroxisome- detoxifies hydrogen peroxide
mitochondrian- makes ATP
Smooth ER- where lipids are metabolized
Cillia- moves stuff across the surface
cell membrane- keeps insides in and outside out
nuclear membrane seperates genetic info from cell
nuclear pores- lets things outta da nucleus
chromatin- DNA
nucleoulous- makes ribosomes
rough ER- location of proteins that are 2 be sent out
ribosomes-makes proteins
golgi-packages proteins and transport to vescles
vesicles- holds proteins
lysosomes- breaks open bacteria
centrisomes-surrounds centrioles
centrioles-seperates chromosomes during mitosis
free ribosomes-makes proteins that stay inside the cell |
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|
Term
microscope
occular lens-
arm
stage clips
course focus knobs
fine focus knobs
mechnical stage knobs
iris diaphragm
stage condenser
stage clips
objective lens
revolving nose piece |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| make cellular organelle composed of microtubles replicate during G2 and begins to move to opposite ends of the cell during prophase |
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Term
|
Definition
| consist of microtubles and are individual strandsof spindle. physically interact w/ the chromosome @ the centemere |
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Term
|
Definition
| microtubles that extend from centroles to the plasma membrane of an animal cel. plant cells dont form these |
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Term
|
Definition
- final stage in telophase
- two daughter cells are formed from the dividing cells
splitting of cytoplasm |
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Term
|
Definition
| an indention of the cell membrane of an animal cell that pinches the cytoplasm into two parts during cell division |
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|
Term
interphase
(between phases)
[image] |
|
Definition
the longest stage of the cell cycle.
as the cell prepares for mitosis, the chromosomes replicate during the S phase
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Term
mitosis
(eukaryotes)
(divion 1/ 2 daughter cells) |
|
Definition
Used for repair, growth, and replacement
Produces two identical daughter cells
(somatic cells)
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Term
meosis
( makes gametes/ 2 divisons/ 4 daughter cells) |
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Definition
| a method of eukaryotic cell division that results in daughter cells that half the genetic information of the parent cell |
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Term
|
Definition
| cells grow in voulume, produces cell componenets |
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Term
|
Definition
| a region of DNA typically found near the middle of a chromosome where two identical sister chromatids come in contact |
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Term
|
Definition
cell checks that DNA replication is completed and prepares for cel division.
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Term
prophase
(before)
[image] |
|
Definition
- the replicated chromatids begin to coil into recognizable chromosomes; the nuclear membrane fragments; spindle fibers form; nucleus and nuclear membrane disintegrates
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|
Term
metaphase
(middle)
[image]
|
|
Definition
| chromosomes attach to spindle fibers at their centromeres and then move to the equater |
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Term
|
Definition
chromotids, now called sister chromosomes, seperate towards the poles
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Term
|
Definition
| the nuclear membrane and nucleio reform; spindle fibers refragment; the chromosomes unwind and change chromosomes to chromatin |
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Term
|
Definition
| as the diploid (2n) cells move from G0 into meiosis, the chromosomes replicatte during the S phase during |
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Term
|
Definition
| chromosomes line up next to each other |
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Term
|
Definition
the exchange of a part of a chomatid from one chromosome w/ an equvelant part of a chromatid from a homologous chromosome
a part of a chromatid switches places w/ another chromatid.
only things that are homolous do this |
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Term
|
Definition
the paired homologous chromosomes line up @ the equator
attach to the spindle fibers @ their centromeres |
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Term
|
Definition
[image]the 2 members of homologfous pairs of chromosomes seperate from each other as they move towards the poles of the cell
(seperating of chromosomes)
have independent assortment here |
|
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Term
|
Definition
the seperation and movement of homologous chromosomes to opposite poles of a cell
seperating chromosomes |
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Term
|
Definition
the segregation or assortment of one pair of homologous chromosomes independently of the segregation or assortment of any other pair of chromosomes
(random. in which chromosome ends up in which daughter cell. 50/50 chance) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
- the 2 newly forming daughter cells are now haploid (n) because each only contains one of each pair of homologous chromosomes; the nuclear membrane and nuclei reform; spindle fibers fragment; the chromosomes unwind and change from chromosomes (composed of 2 chromatids) to chromatin
|
|
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Term
|
Definition
the chromosomes dont replicate
the chromatids of each chromosome are no longer identical because of recombination
the cell is preparing to undergo one more division |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| each of the 2 haploid (n) daughter cells from meosis I undergoes chromatin coiling to form chromosomes, each of which is composed of 2 chromatids; the nuclear membrane fragments; centrioles move to form the cells poles; spindle fibers form |
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Term
|
Definition
| chromosomes attach to spoindle fibers at the centromeres and move to the equator of the cell |
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Term
|
Definition
| centromeres replicate allowing two chromatids of a chromosome to sperate towards the poles |
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Term
|
Definition
4 haploid (n) form from the division of 2 meosis I cells; the nuclear membranes and nuclei reform; spindle fibers fragment; the chromosomes unwind and change from chromosomes to chromatin; these cells become the sex cells (egg or sperm) |
|
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Term
| aster, kinetochore, spindle fibers and centrioles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
—Prophase I (before)
[image] |
|
Definition
the replicated chromatids begins to coil into recognizable chromosomes and the homologous chromosomes synapse; chromatids may cross over; the nuclear membrane and nuclei fragment; centrioles move to form the cell's poles; spindle fibers are formed
(synapsis and crossing over happens) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
meosis
( makes gametes/ 2 divisons/ 4 daughter cells) |
|
Definition
| a method of eukaryotic cell division that results in daughter cells that half the genetic information of the parent cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| as the diploid (2n) cells move from G0 into meiosis, the chromosomes replicatte during the S phase during |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chromosomes line up next to each other |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the exchange of a part of a chomatid from one chromosome w/ an equvelant part of a chromatid from a homologous chromosome
a part of a chromatid switches places w/ another chromatid.
only things that are homolous do this |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the paired homologous chromosomes line up @ the equator
attach to the spindle fibers @ their centromeres |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
[image]the 2 members of homologfous pairs of chromosomes seperate from each other as they move towards the poles of the cell
(seperating of chromosomes)
have independent assortment here |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the seperation and movement of homologous chromosomes to opposite poles of a cell
seperating chromosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the segregation or assortment of one pair of homologous chromosomes independently of the segregation or assortment of any other pair of chromosomes
(random. in which chromosome ends up in which daughter cell. 50/50 chance) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- the 2 newly forming daughter cells are now haploid (n) because each only contains one of each pair of homologous chromosomes; the nuclear membrane and nuclei reform; spindle fibers fragment; the chromosomes unwind and change from chromosomes (composed of 2 chromatids) to chromatin
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the chromosomes dont replicate
the chromatids of each chromosome are no longer identical because of recombination
the cell is preparing to undergo one more division |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| each of the 2 haploid (n) daughter cells from meosis I undergoes chromatin coiling to form chromosomes, each of which is composed of 2 chromatids; the nuclear membrane fragments; centrioles move to form the cells poles; spindle fibers form |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chromosomes attach to spoindle fibers at the centromeres and move to the equator of the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| centromeres replicate allowing two chromatids of a chromosome to sperate towards the poles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
4 haploid (n) form from the division of 2 meosis I cells; the nuclear membranes and nuclei reform; spindle fibers fragment; the chromosomes unwind and change from chromosomes to chromatin; these cells become the sex cells (egg or sperm) |
|
|
Term
—Prophase I (before)
[image] |
|
Definition
the replicated chromatids begins to coil into recognizable chromosomes and the homologous chromosomes synapse; chromatids may cross over; the nuclear membrane and nuclei fragment; centrioles move to form the cell's poles; spindle fibers are formed
(synapsis and crossing over happens) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| central atom in living systems |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| type of molecule which doesnt contain carbon |
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Term
|
Definition
| type of molecule taht contains carbon |
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Term
|
Definition
| 2 shared apirs of electrons |
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Term
|
Definition
| same chemical formula yet diferent structural formula |
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Term
|
Definition
| polymers made up of amino acids |
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Term
|
Definition
| molecules consisting of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| large non polar molecules that dont readily disolve in water |
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Term
|
Definition
specific combinations of atoms.
important cause they determine the specific properties of a molecule |
|
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Term
| what is the difference between a simple and complex carbohydrate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are proteins composed of and why are their shape so important |
|
Definition
| amino acids because if they dont have the proper shape they cant do the job they are suppose to do |
|
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Term
| 3 major difference between DNA and RNA |
|
Definition
RNA has uracil/DNA has thymine
DNA has 2 strands? RNA has 1 strand
RNA Ribose ? DNA deoxyribose
DNA only inside the nucleus
RNA is inside and outside the nucleus |
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Term
| what are the 3 kinds of lipids |
|
Definition
true fats
phospholipids
steroids |
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Term
|
Definition
| ALL THE MOLECULES REQUIRED TO SUPPORT LIVING THINGS |
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Term
|
Definition
| process of taking food into the body through eating |
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Term
|
Definition
| breakdown of complex food molecules to simplier molescules |
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Term
|
Definition
| the movement of simple molecules from the digestive system to the circulatory system for dispersal throughout the body |
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Term
|
Definition
the modification and incorporation of absorbed molecules into the structure of the organsim
(take things and put where needed in the body) |
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Term
|
Definition
| measure the amount of energy in foods |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of one gram of water to 1oc |
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Term
|
Definition
complex and simple sugars
starch, glycogen and celluose
sugar pasta or potatoes |
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Term
|
Definition
organic molecules that dont dissolve in water easily
phospholipids, steroids and true fats
lard
store long term energy
without it cant absorb fat solable vitamins |
|
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Term
|
Definition
fatty acids linoleic and linolenic, which cannot be synthesized by the human body and must be part of the diet
requires this for normal growth, blood clotting and skin |
|
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Term
|
Definition
amino acids linked together by peptide bonds
divided up in two groups: complete and incomplete
beans, meat |
|
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Term
|
Definition
contain all the amino acids necessary for good health
20
meat, eggs |
|
|
Term
proteins
essential amino acids: |
|
Definition
| amino acids the body cant manufacture and must be part of ones diet |
|
|
Term
| in what order do we oxidize molecules if we are starving |
|
Definition
carbohydrates
lipids
proteins |
|
|
Term
vitamins (coenzymes)
examples
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|
Definition
organic molecules needed in minute amounts for essential metabolic activities
vit A & D |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
minerals (co-factors)
examples |
|
Definition
elements in nature that cant be synthesized by the body
sodium, potassium, magnessium, iron calcium |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a difieciency that results from calcium loss leading to painful weakened bones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
body weight compared w/ height
is caLCULATED BY DETERMINING A PERSON'S WEIGHT IN KILOGRAMS AND BAREFOOT HEIGHT IN METERS
WEIGHT IN KIOLGRAMS
-------------------------
(HEIGHT IN METERS)2 |
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Term
|
Definition
| cycle of binge eating followed by purging |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prolonged weightloss as a result of voleentary servere restriction of food intake |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
protein defincency disease common in malnurished children , caused by prolonged protein starvation leadin to reduced body size, lethargy, distended belly, slow growth and slow movement, depressed and low mental ability
(swollen belly of water) |
|
|
Term
| marathon running is an example of _______ exercise |
|
Definition
| aerobic exercising occurs when the level of exertion allows the heart and lungs to keep up w/ the oxygen needs of the muscles |
|
|
Term
| weightlifting is an exmplae of _____exercise |
|
Definition
| anerobic exercising involves bouts of exercising that are so intense that muscles cant get oxygen as fast as they need it: therefore must relay on anaerobic respiration of glucose to provide the energy needed |
|
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Term
|
Definition
group of cells that perform the same function
need oxygen and nutrients
(make up your muscles) |
|
|
Term
simple squamous epithelium
[image] |
|
Definition
location: kidney glomeruli; airsacs of lungs; lining of the heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels; lining of the ventral body cavity
|
|
|
Term
| [image]simple cuboidal epithelium |
|
Definition
single layer of cubelike cells w/ large spherical central neclei
secretion and absorbtion
kidney tubules, ducts and secretory portions of small glands, ovary surface |
|
|
Term
simple columnar epithelium
[image] |
|
Definition
single layer of tall cells w/ round o oval neclei; some cells bear cilia; layer may contain nucleus secreting unicellular glands (goblet cells)
absorbtion and secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances; ciliated type propels mucus
nonciliated type lines most of the digestive tract, gallbladder, and secretory ducts of some glands
cilated variety lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, and some regions of the uterus |
|
|
Term
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
[image] |
|
Definition
single layer of cells of differing height, some not reaching the free surface; nuclei seen @ different levels; amy contain mucus secreting cells and bear cilia
secretion particularly of mucus; propulsion of mucus by ciliary action
noncilated type in male sperm carryin ducts and ducts of large glands
ciliated variety lines the trachea, most of the upper respitory tract |
|
|
Term
stratified squamous epithelium\
[image] |
|
Definition
A multiple-layered epithelium composed of thin, flat superficial cells and cuboidal and columnar deeper cells.
protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion
nonkeirtin type forms the soft lining of the esophagus, mouth and vagina
keritanized part lines the epidermis of the skin |
|
|
Term
stratified cuboidal epithelium
[image] |
|
Definition
generally 2 layers of cublike cells
protection
largest ducts of sweat glands, mammary glands and salivary glands |
|
|
Term
stratified columnar epithelium
[image] |
|
Definition
several cell layers; basal cells usually cubidal; superfiscial cells elongated and columnar
protection secretion
rare in body small amounts in male urethra and in large ducts |
|
|
Term
transitional epithelium
[image]
|
|
Definition
resembles both stratified n squamous stratified cuboidal; basal cells cuboidal or columnar; surface cells dome shaped or squamouslike
stretches readily n permits distension of urinary organ by contaminated urine
lines ureters, urinary bladder and part of the urethra |
|
|
Term
| simple squamous epithelium |
|
Definition
| allows passage of materials by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection isnt important; secretes lubricating substances in the serosae |
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|
