Term
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Definition
| Contains the correct amounts of all the nutrients needed for healthy functioning of the body. |
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Term
| What happens to your body if you take in too much energy or too few vitamins? |
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Definition
| You become malnourished. Too much energy leads to weight gain and too few vitamins leads to deficiency diseases. |
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Term
| What can affect your metabolic rate? |
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Definition
| The proportion of muscle to fat in your body and your inherited factors can affect your metabolic rate. |
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Term
| Why do people become obese? |
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Definition
| They have taken in more energy than they have used. |
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Term
| How can people change their lifestyle to help lower their blood cholesterol levels? |
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Definition
| They can increase exercise and reduce saturated fat intake. |
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Term
| Why did it take a long time for others to accept the ideas of Semmelweiss? |
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Definition
| No one knew about bacteria and viruses. |
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Term
| How do pathogens make you feel ill? |
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Definition
| They produce toxins and damage cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pathogens are microorganisms that cause infectious disease. |
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Term
| How does the skin prevent pathogens from entering the body? |
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Definition
| The skin covers your body and acts as a barrier, preventing bacteria and viruses from infecting the tissues. |
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Term
| How do scabs prevent pathogens from entering the body? |
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Definition
| Scabs form a seal over the cut, stopping pathogens getting through the wounds. |
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Term
| How does mucus and stomach acid prevent pathogens from entering the body? |
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Definition
| It traps the pathogens. The mucus is then swallowed down in your gut, where the stomach acid destroys the microorganisms. |
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Term
| How do white blood cells defend the body? |
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Definition
| They ingest pathogens, produce antibodies which helps to destroy particular pathogens and produce antitoxins to counteract the toxins that pathogens produce. |
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Term
| Why are viruses difficult to kill? |
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Definition
| They reproduce inside the body cells, so any treatment could also damage the body cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| An antibiotic is a drug that destroys bacteria inside the body without damaging the human cells. |
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Term
| How do you grow a uncontaminated culture? |
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Definition
| An uncontaminated culture of microorganisms can be grown using sterilised Petri dishes and agar. You sterilise the inoculating loop before use and seal the lid of Petri dish to prevent unwanted microorganisms getting in. The culture is left at about 25 degrees Celsius for a few days. |
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Term
| Why do some pathogens spread rapidly? |
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Definition
| Some pathogens can mutate, resulting in a new form called a mutation. Very few people are immune to these changed pathogens so diseases can spread quickly. This could cause epidemics or pandemics. |
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Term
| How does natural selection cause resistant populations of bacteria to develop? |
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Definition
| Some bacteria mutate and become resistant to an antibiotic. Antibiotics kills the non-resistant strains and the resistant strains multiply. When the antibiotics are used again, more of the resistant strains survive until the whole population of bacteria is resistant to the antibiotic. |
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Term
| Why shouldn't antibiotics be used for mild infections? |
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Definition
| Mild throat infections can get better quickly without antibiotics. Overuse of antibiotics increases the rate at which antibiotic resistant strains develop. |
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Term
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Definition
| Small amounts of inactive/dead pathogen are put into your body, often by injection. The antigens in the vaccine stimulate your white blood cells into making antibodies. The antibodies destroy the antigens without any risk of you getting the disease. You are immune to the future injections by the pathogen. That's because your body can respond rapidly and make the correct antibody as if you had already had the disease. |
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Term
| Give three factors that affect how much energy a person needs? |
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Definition
| Age, gender and the amount of exercise they do. |
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Term
| What is meant by metabolic rate and factors affect the rate? |
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Definition
| Metabolic rate is the rate at which chemical reactions happen in the body. The factors that affect the rate is the proportion of muscle to fat in the body and inherited factors. |
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Term
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Definition
| A change in the genetic material of an organism. |
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Term
| What do receptors detect? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are receptors found? |
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Definition
| In the sense organs - the eye, ear, nose tongue and skin. |
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Term
| What stimuli are detected by the sense organs? |
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Definition
| Sound, chemicals, temperature changes, touch, light and pain. |
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Term
| How does the nervous system work? |
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Definition
The sensory receptor detects a stimulus and the information sent as an electrical impulse passes along the sensory neuron until it reaches the CNS. The motor neuron carries impulses from the CNS to the effector organs, which respond by secreting chemical substances.
receptor→sensory neuron→CNS→motor neuron→effector |
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Term
| Why are reflexes important? |
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Definition
| They help to avoid danger or harm because they happen so fast. There are also reflexes that take care of your basic body functions such as breathing or moving food through the gut. |
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Term
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Definition
| A rapid, automatic response of the nervous system that does not involve the conscientious thought. |
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Term
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Definition
| An electrical impulse passes from the sensory receptors along the sensory neuron to the CNS. It then passes along a relay neuron (usually the spinal cord) and along the motor neuron. The impulse arrives at the effector organ. In a reflex arc, the impulse bypasses the conscious areas of you brain. This is important as is makes the reflex action as quick as possible, helping to avoid danger. |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulus→receptor→coordinator→effector→response |
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Term
| Where is FSH made and what does it do? |
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Definition
-produced by the pituitary gland
-causes the egg to mature
-causes oestrogen to be produced. |
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Term
| Where is oestrogen made and what does it do? |
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Definition
-produced by ovaries
-stimulates production of LH
-stimulates the womb lining to develop to receive the fertilised egg. |
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Term
| Where is LH made and what does it do? |
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Definition
-produce by pituitary gland
-stimulates release of mature egg. |
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Term
| What could a contraceptive pill contain and what does it prevent? |
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Definition
| May contain oestrogen or progesterone and prevents the production of FSH. |
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Term
| What can be given in a fertility treatment? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens in a fertility treatment? |
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Definition
| Fertility drugs are used to make lots of eggs mature at the same time for collection. The eggs are collected and placed in a special solution in a Petri dish. A sample of semen is the collected and mixed in the Petri dish. The eggs are checked to make sure they have been fertilised and are developing well. When the fertilised eggs have developed into embryos, 1 or 2 are placed in the uterus of the mother. If they are successful then the baby will develop well. |
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