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| Earliest cells can become any cells |
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| After assigned from totipotent, cells can become something in the RANGE of the category they were placed in |
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| 3 Layers of Embryonic Cells |
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1. Ectoderm (outermost-skin)
2. Mesoderm (middle-organs)
3. Endoderm (innermost- becomes neural plate) |
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| neural tube closes at both ends and is the starting point for the rest of the brains development |
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radial migration
tangential migration |
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| moving sideways within the tube |
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| extension develops that leads migration and the cell body follows. (Gross Bug Example) |
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| cell moves along radial glial network. (climbing rope) |
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| similar to somal migration. at the growing tip of each extension, extends and retracts filopodia as if finding its way |
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| post synaptic targets release chemical that guides axons. Keeps things connected that need to be connected |
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| Formation of neurons growing new snapses. Depends on glial cells and astrocytes. |
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| Phenotype, Gene, Environment |
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| famous for axon growth experiement. Proved that the chemoaffinity hypothesis is true. Cut salamanders optic nerve. |
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| Topographic Gradient Hypothesis |
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| ?? Retinotopy vs somatotopy |
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| Neuron death due to injury (passive) kills neighboring cells |
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| active cell death. (planned). clean and organized death |
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| brain does not exist in baby which leads to spontaneous abortion |
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| spinal cord does not fully close up. failure of the neural tube closure. Prevented by B9 and folic acid supplements |
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| Postnatal growth is a consequence of.... |
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Definition
1. synaptogensis
2. mylenation (more fatty)
3. increased dendritic branches |
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| 3 core symptoms of austism |
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Definition
-reduced ability to interpret emotions and intentions
-reduced capacity for social interaction and language defecits
-preoccupation with a single subject or activity |
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| level of dysfunction varies with austistic people |
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| intellectually handicapped individuals that display specific cognitive or artistic abilities |
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| mass of cells that grows independently of the rest of the body |
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| moving tumors (when cancer spreads) |
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| encased in meninges. growing in their own membranes (usually benign) |
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| punch drunk syndrome. most common in boxers |
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| dizziness, headache, loss of motor coordination, nausea/vomiting |
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| contusions are often on the side of the brain opposite to the blow |
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| closed-head injuries that involve damage to the cerebral circulatory system |
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| Bacterial Brain Infections |
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| inflamed meninges lead to meningitis. |
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| may produce a syndrome of insanity and dementia |
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| high affinity for the nervous system. Symptoms: paralysis, personality changes, hallucinations, convulsions, death |
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| retrograde transport of the virus via the trigeminal ganglion |
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| flu-like symptoms then brain inflammation. Extremely dangerous to infants. Transferred through kitty litter |
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| too much CSF- causes swelling |
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-Creutzfeld-Jacob disease (humans)
-Bovine spongiform encephoalopathy (mad cow disease)
-chronic wasting disease (elk, deer)
-Scrapie (sheep)
-Kuru (tribes-humans) |
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| may enter general circulation from the GI tract or lungs, or through the skin |
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| Chronic insanity produced by a neurotoxin |
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| hat makers had toxic psychosis due to mercury exposure |
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| BPA- from plastics. can effect estrogen and testosterone levels |
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| seizure often preced by an aura (smell), hallucination or feeling |
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Partial Epilepsy
-simple
-complex |
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Definition
doesnt involve the whole brain
Simple: symptoms are primarily sensory, motor or both
Complex: often restricted to temporal lobes. Patient engages in compulsive and repetitive behaviors |
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Generalized Epilepsy
1. Grand Mal
2. Petit Mal |
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involves the entire brain
GM- loss of consciousness and equilibrium (rigidity and tremors)
PM- not associated with convulsions. become very still/quiet/zoned out |
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| What is physically impossible to happen during a seizure |
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| cutting axons is a general way to study responses to neural damage |
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| Degeneration of the distal segment (the connection is gone) |
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| the connection moves around the lesion |
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| PNS AXONS ____________. CNS AXONS ______________. |
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| PNS axons regenerate. CNS axons do not. |
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| Trick your phantom limb into relaxing |
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| Those who are really bright are less compromised during significant brain injury |
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| Near sightedness. Eyeball is stretched and light is focused/diverged |
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| far sightedness. Has to do with eyeball being short/long and the lens not being able to adapt |
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| no receptors where info exits the eye. We use saccadic eye movements to fill in the blanks |
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| small and quick eye movements |
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| high acuity area at the center of the retina |
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| What are inside/outside fovea |
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| Inside- cones. Outside- rods |
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| Cell Structure of Mamillian Retina |
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| Vertical pathway-> light hits receptors -> bipolar cells -> retinal ganglion cells -> brain |
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| photopic. daytime vision. Colours. keep a 1-1 with bipolar cells |
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| scotopic. nighttime vision. lacks detail and colour info |
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| tell the eye that there is light |
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| areas of blindness in contralateral visual field due to damage of the PVC (primary visual cortex). detected by using a perimetry test |
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| have the person look straigh forward and see the spots in the environment that they cant see |
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| The WHAT and WHERE visual streams |
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What = Ventral
Where =Dorsal |
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| Where. location and movement. Primary visual cortex -> dorsal prestriate cortex -> inferotemporal cortex |
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| What. colour and shape. Primary visual cortex -> ventral prestriate cortex -> inferotemporal cortex |
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| response to visual stimuli without conscious awareness of seeing |
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| damage to the fusiform gyrus |
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| how big are the displacements |
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| various amplitudes and frequencies |
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| breaks down natural sounds into sine waves |
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| satellite dish that collects sounds |
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Organ of Corti.
Composed of 2 membranes |
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Definition
sound detector.
1. basilar membrane: auditory receptors. hair cells are mounted here
2. tectorial membrane: rests on the hair cells that then trigger action potentials |
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| thing that looks lke a snail. different frequencies are found at different points along the basilar membrane. |
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| organization of the basilar membrane. (# of Hz) |
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| damage to cochlea- loss of hair cells |
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| tumour growth pushing on nerve that goes to ear |
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| Secondary Auditory Cortex |
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| Waht audio cortex do schizos use? |
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