Term
| small (clear) synaptic vesicles vs large dense core vesicles: what they carry |
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Definition
small (clear) synaptic = "classical" (and amino acid neurotransmitters)
large dense core = neuropeptides |
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Term
| small (clear) synaptic vesicles vs large dense core vesicles: docking location |
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Definition
small (clear) synaptic = docked at the active zone
large dense core = not directly at the membrane; can be released outside the synapse |
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Term
| small (clear) synaptic vesicles vs large dense core vesicles: role |
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Definition
small (clear) synaptic = "fast" synaptic transmission role
large dense core = modulatory role |
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Term
| experiment: looking at a single-cell microisland where we're recording simultaneous release of glutamate & ACh from same cell; release of glutamate = detected in the form of ? |
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Definition
| autaptic EPSC by the neuronal recording electrode |
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Term
| experiment: looking at a single-cell microisland where we're recording simultaneous release of glutamate & ACh from same cell; release of ACh = detected in the form of ? |
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Definition
| a nicotinic current in a voltage-clamped skeletal myoball placed in contact with the neurites of the cell |
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Term
| experiment: looking at a single-cell microisland where we're recording simultaneous release of glutamate & ACh from same cell; add glutamate antagonist kynurenic acid (blocks glutamate receptor) --> ? |
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Definition
| abolished autaptic EPSC; no effect on myoball response |
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Term
| experiment: looking at a single-cell microisland where we're recording simultaneous release of glutamate & ACh from same cell; add nicotinic ACh receptor antagonist hexamethonium (blocks nAChRs) --> ? |
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Definition
| abolished the response of the myoball; almost no effect on the autaptic EPSC |
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Term
| How could you determine experimentally that GABA & glycine are both released from spinal interneurons? |
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Definition
| GABA & glycine activate separate postsynaptic receptors & there are pharmacological blockers for each type of receptor; additionally, glycinergic IPSCs have a different time course than GABA(A) IPSCs |
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Term
| electrical synapse channel connects ______ with _______ |
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Definition
| connects cytoplasm of cell A with cytoplasm of cell B |
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Term
| electrical synapse: presynaptic cell depolarization --> |
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Definition
| almost immediate postsynaptic depolarization |
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Term
| How did they experimentally prove that electrical synapses are bi-directional? |
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Definition
place microelectrode in neuron A & a microelectrode in neuron B (neurons are connected by a gap junction)
current step in either neuron --> induced change in membrane potential of the other neuron |
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Term
| Does PMA increase or decrease phosphorylation levels? |
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Definition
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Term
| Often co-transmission involves the release of one neurotransmitter acting in a ______ capacity, & another compound acting in a ______ fashion |
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Definition
1. "fast" transmission capacity
2. neuromodulatory fashion |
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Term
| Are there synapses at which two "fast" neurotransmitters can be released from the same vesicle? |
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Definition
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Term
| Are there synapses that transmit signals by direct flow of ions and/or larger molecules across the closely-apposed cell membranes of two neurons? |
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Definition
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Term
| Are electrical synapses faster or slower than chemical ones? |
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Definition
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Term
| Are slower signals or fast changes (such as action potentials) transmitted more reliably? |
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Definition
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Term
| Are electrical synapses bidirectional? |
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Definition
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Term
| Do electrical synapses in the brain often interconnect neurons of similar or different type? |
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Definition
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Term
| Are electrical synapses or chemical synapses typically more reliable? |
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Definition
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Term
| 4 ways to modulate the gap junction function |
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Definition
1. intracellular pH
2. neurotransmitters
3. phosphorylation
4. pharmacological agents |
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Term
| What is the main purpose of electrical synapses? |
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Definition
| to synchronize the firing of neurons they are coupled to |
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