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block 8 - wqeek 2
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35
Chemistry
Undergraduate 4
02/04/2010

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Cards

Term
What is the rate limiting enzyme in catecholamine (dopamine, NOR, EPI) synthesis?
Definition
Tyrosine hydroxylase whose activity is regulated by phosphorylation
Term
Amphetamines and methylphenidate (Ritalin) _______ dopamine re-uptake and promote release.
Definition
Block; by binding to DAT or VMAT on vesicles
Term
T or F, Dopamine neurons are located in the substantia nigra & ventral tegmental area in the midbrain.
Definition
True
Term
NOR neurons are located primarily in the ______ __________.
Definition
Locus coerulus.
Term
Serotonin neurons are located in the ______ _________ along the midline of the brainstem.
Definition
Raphe nuclei
Term
GABA is inhibitory in mature cells, what about young neurons?
Definition
Excitatory and the GABA receptor is the site of action for drugs of abuse
Term
Glutamate is an excitatory trans that provides for synaptic plasticity but also is the basis for _______ which provide a mechanism for neuronal death.
Definition
Excitotoxicity
Term
What area of the brain is important for dopaminergic reward?
Definition
Nucleus accumbens and ventral striatum
Term
What two catechols are made forom dopa and what is serotonin derived from?
Definition
NOR and EPI; tryptophan
Term
What is allostatic load?
Definition
The physio response to chronic stress such as BP, HDL, waist-hip ratio, overnight urinary cortisol and EPI
Term
Which of these is true - stress induce cytokines like IL-6 and TNF-a, or it causes decreased neutrotropins and neuronal atrophy, or it inhibits telomerase and causes premature cellulare aging of telomeres.
Definition
All of them
Term
Which releases oxytocin to decrease stress levels in body flight or flight or tend and befriend?
Definition
Tend
Term
While major depressive disorder is primarily females when are the peaks in life?
Definition
20/30’s in both sexes, perimenopause, >65
Term
Depressino must have impairment of life for greater than two weeks, what are two comorbidities common with it?
Definition
Diabetes and CVD
Term
Which type of person is likely to complete suicide?
Definition
Older, unmarried, white males
Term
Of the major mental illnesses what is the most highly heritable?
Definition
Bipolar which has an average onset of 18 and a high risk of recurrence despite therapy
Term
What is the difference between normal bipolar and mixed episodes?
Definition
Normal is 1 week mania and 2 weeks dression, mixed is both but only 1 week each
Term
Why is it difficult to diagnose kids with bipolar NOS?
Definition
because symptoms don’t always match DSM, Manic or hypomanic sx of insufficient duration(including very rapid cycling), Repeated hypomania without a depressive episode
Term
Is the rate of substance abuse higher in depression or bipolar 1?
Definition
Bipolar 1
Term
The brain volume under study for bipolar was amygdala, but what was found for patients who underwaent intensive therapy for mania and those on mood stabilizers with anti depressants?
Definition
Intensive therapy was better than control, mood stablizers with antidepressants were not significantly better than control.
Term
True or F, addiction is a disease of the young.
Definition
True
Term
T or F: 40-60% of addiction is genetic due to inherited metabolism, reinforcing effets, and responses to the environment.
Definition
T
Term
What percent of alcohol drinkers become dependent or abuse the substance?
Definition
5,4%
Term
What are the drinking limts for men and women?
Definition
Men is 2 per day, 14 per week; women is 1 per dya and 7 per week
Term
There is a strong prevalence of psychosis amongst frequent users of which drug?
Definition
MJ
Term
What are the #1 and 2 drugs of abuse among 12th graders?
Definition
Opiate pills and MJ
Term
All Addictive Drugs increase synaptic dopamine in the _________ ___________.
Definition
Nucleus Accumbens
Term
Which of the following part sof the brain are implicated in binge/intoxication - dorsal striatum, ventral striatum, Globus pallildus, thalamus?
Definition
All - lesions to these areas can create anhedonia
Term
Clinically, to avoid abuse by IV administration the opioid antagonist naloxone, which has poor bioavailability via the sublingual route, is combined with Buprenorphine.
Definition
Naloxone.
Term
T or F, opiod users or methadone treatead can become hyperalgesic.
Definition
T
Term
The ventral striaum and the amygdale are associated with withdrawal and negative affects of drug use, what are some molecular markers for brain adaptations after withdrawal?
Definition
Delta fosB, epigenetic changes G9a inhibition; as well as imaging changes in glucose levels and dendritic spines (meth)
Term
Which areas of the brain induce craving?
Definition
Hippo, prefrontal cortex, amygdala
Term
The more mindful a person is of them selfves the better the character traits of self-directedness, cooperation, and self-transcendance. What areas of the brain are activated in affect labeling tasks?
Definition
Prefrontal cortex
Term
T or F: High in mindfulness: Significant negative correlation between each PFC area and the Right Amygdala.
Definition
T
Term
Meditation increases cortical thickening and attentional networks in the brain, what affect does it have on epigenetics?
Definition
Beneficial
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