Term
What is the rate limiting enzyme in catecholamine (dopamine, NOR, EPI) synthesis? |
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Definition
Tyrosine hydroxylase whose activity is regulated by phosphorylation |
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Term
Amphetamines and methylphenidate (Ritalin) _______ dopamine re-uptake and promote release. |
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Definition
Block; by binding to DAT or VMAT on vesicles |
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Term
T or F, Dopamine neurons are located in the substantia nigra & ventral tegmental area in the midbrain. |
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Definition
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Term
NOR neurons are located primarily in the ______ __________. |
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Definition
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Term
Serotonin neurons are located in the ______ _________ along the midline of the brainstem. |
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Definition
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Term
GABA is inhibitory in mature cells, what about young neurons? |
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Definition
Excitatory and the GABA receptor is the site of action for drugs of abuse |
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Term
Glutamate is an excitatory trans that provides for synaptic plasticity but also is the basis for _______ which provide a mechanism for neuronal death. |
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Definition
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Term
What area of the brain is important for dopaminergic reward? |
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Definition
Nucleus accumbens and ventral striatum |
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Term
What two catechols are made forom dopa and what is serotonin derived from? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
The physio response to chronic stress such as BP, HDL, waist-hip ratio, overnight urinary cortisol and EPI |
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Term
Which of these is true - stress induce cytokines like IL-6 and TNF-a, or it causes decreased neutrotropins and neuronal atrophy, or it inhibits telomerase and causes premature cellulare aging of telomeres. |
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Definition
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Term
Which releases oxytocin to decrease stress levels in body flight or flight or tend and befriend? |
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Definition
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Term
While major depressive disorder is primarily females when are the peaks in life? |
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Definition
20/30s in both sexes, perimenopause, >65 |
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Term
Depressino must have impairment of life for greater than two weeks, what are two comorbidities common with it? |
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Definition
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Term
Which type of person is likely to complete suicide? |
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Definition
Older, unmarried, white males |
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Term
Of the major mental illnesses what is the most highly heritable? |
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Definition
Bipolar which has an average onset of 18 and a high risk of recurrence despite therapy |
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Term
What is the difference between normal bipolar and mixed episodes? |
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Definition
Normal is 1 week mania and 2 weeks dression, mixed is both but only 1 week each |
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Term
Why is it difficult to diagnose kids with bipolar NOS? |
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Definition
because symptoms dont always match DSM, Manic or hypomanic sx of insufficient duration(including very rapid cycling), Repeated hypomania without a depressive episode |
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Term
Is the rate of substance abuse higher in depression or bipolar 1? |
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Definition
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Term
The brain volume under study for bipolar was amygdala, but what was found for patients who underwaent intensive therapy for mania and those on mood stabilizers with anti depressants? |
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Definition
Intensive therapy was better than control, mood stablizers with antidepressants were not significantly better than control. |
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Term
True or F, addiction is a disease of the young. |
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Definition
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Term
T or F: 40-60% of addiction is genetic due to inherited metabolism, reinforcing effets, and responses to the environment. |
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Definition
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Term
What percent of alcohol drinkers become dependent or abuse the substance? |
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Definition
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Term
What are the drinking limts for men and women? |
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Definition
Men is 2 per day, 14 per week; women is 1 per dya and 7 per week |
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Term
There is a strong prevalence of psychosis amongst frequent users of which drug? |
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Definition
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Term
What are the #1 and 2 drugs of abuse among 12th graders? |
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Definition
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Term
All Addictive Drugs increase synaptic dopamine in the _________ ___________. |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following part sof the brain are implicated in binge/intoxication - dorsal striatum, ventral striatum, Globus pallildus, thalamus? |
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Definition
All - lesions to these areas can create anhedonia |
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Term
Clinically, to avoid abuse by IV administration the opioid antagonist naloxone, which has poor bioavailability via the sublingual route, is combined with Buprenorphine. |
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Definition
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Term
T or F, opiod users or methadone treatead can become hyperalgesic. |
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Definition
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Term
The ventral striaum and the amygdale are associated with withdrawal and negative affects of drug use, what are some molecular markers for brain adaptations after withdrawal? |
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Definition
Delta fosB, epigenetic changes G9a inhibition; as well as imaging changes in glucose levels and dendritic spines (meth) |
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Term
Which areas of the brain induce craving? |
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Definition
Hippo, prefrontal cortex, amygdala |
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Term
The more mindful a person is of them selfves the better the character traits of self-directedness, cooperation, and self-transcendance. What areas of the brain are activated in affect labeling tasks? |
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Definition
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Term
T or F: High in mindfulness: Significant negative correlation between each PFC area and the Right Amygdala. |
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Definition
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Term
Meditation increases cortical thickening and attentional networks in the brain, what affect does it have on epigenetics? |
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Definition
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