Term
| Blood is a _____ made of what? |
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Definition
| a fluid connective tissue; plasma and formed elements |
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Term
| Plasma is 7% _____, 1%_____, and 92% _____. |
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Definition
plasma proteins
other solutes (in conc. similar to that of interstitial fluid)
water |
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Term
| How are the plasma proteins in the plasma? |
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Definition
| in solution rather than forming insoluble fibers; large size and globular shapes so they can't leave the bloodstream |
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Term
| 90% of plasma proteins are synthesized by the _____. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| types and % of plasma proteins |
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Definition
60% albumins
35% globulins
4% fibrinogen |
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Term
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Definition
| major contributors to osmotic pressure of plasma |
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Term
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Definition
| immunoglobins act as antibodies that attack foreign proteins and pathogens, and transport globulins bind small ions, hormones, and lipids |
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Term
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Definition
| clotting; sometimes form fibrin (large, insoluble strands that form the basic framework for a blood clot) |
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Term
| What are the "other solutes" in plasma? |
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Definition
| electrolytes (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-, HCO3-, HPO4-, and SO42-), organic nutrients (lipids, carbs, and amino acids), and organic wastes (urea, uric acid, creatinine, bilirubin, and ammonium ions) |
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Term
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Definition
| cells and cell fragments; can be called hematocrit (% of whole blood that is RBC) because 99.9% of the formed elements are RBC; <1% platelets and WBC |
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Term
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Definition
| normal hematocrit: 47 in males and 42 in females (androgens stimulate RBC production and estrogens don't) |
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Term
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Definition
| small, membrane-bound cell fragments that contain enzymes and other substances important to clotting |
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Term
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Definition
| neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes |
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Term
| Whole blood is slightly _____, meaning its pH is ~_____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Scabs and zits ooze what as they dry? |
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Definition
scabs: plasma
zits: interstitial fluid |
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Term
| RBCs are what fraction of all of the cells in the body? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| stacks of RBCs that eases their flow through narrow blood vessels |
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Term
| How many Hb are on each RBC? |
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Definition
| about 280 million (they're 95% of RBC's intracellular proteins) |
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Term
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Definition
| complex quaternary; 2 alpha chains and 2 beta chains of polypeptides; each chain is a globular protein subunit containing a single molecule of heme (nonprotein pigment complex that holds an Fe) |
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Term
|
Definition
| each heme's iron interacts with an O2 molecule to form this; completely reversible; makes blood bright red |
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Term
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Definition
| Hb molecule whose Fe isn't bound to O2, making blood a darker red |
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Term
| What percent of O2 carried by blood is bound to Hb? Where is the rest? |
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Definition
| 98.5%; dissolved in plasma |
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Term
| There are _____ RBC per drop of blood. |
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Definition
| 260 million (x280mil.Hbx4peptidechains= 2.912 e 17 heme per drop of blood) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Developing RBCs absorb what from the bloodstream to synthesize new Hb? |
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Definition
| amino acids and Fe2+ (while in the red bone marrow) |
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Term
| What are the steps a developing RBC goes through in the red bone marrow? |
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Definition
| hemocytoblast -> proerythroblasts -> erythroblasts -> 4 days of differentiation -> normoblasts -> sheds nucleus -> reticulocyte -> 2 days in marrow -> 24 hours in bloodstream -> complete maturation |
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Term
| Which stage in the red bone marrow does the developing RBC actively synthesize Hb? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| RBC go from to development to hemolysis in which body structures? |
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Definition
1. red bone marrow
2. macrophages
3. liver and kidney
4. large intestine from liver, urine from kidney |
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Term
| Macrophages extract _____ from RBCs and do what with them? |
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Definition
| Fe2+; store in phagocytes or release into bloodstream where it binds to transferrin, converted to biliverdin, then bilirubin, which goes to the liver |
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Term
| What do the macrophages do with the globular proteins from hemolyzed RBCs? |
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Definition
| disassemble them into amino acids and release them into the bloodstream for use by other cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| urine turns red or brown due to an abnormally large number of Hb from RBCs that break down in the bloodstream |
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Term
| What do the kidneys do with Hb? |
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Definition
| take that which isn't phagocytized and break it down, so the alpha and beta chains are released in the urine |
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Term
|
Definition
| presence of intact RBCs in urine only after urinary tract damage |
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Term
| The kidneys excrete what along with Hb? |
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Definition
| urobilins (give urine yellow color) from the large intestine |
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Term
| What does the liver do in the circulation of the RBCs? |
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Definition
| accepts bilirubin for excretion in bile |
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Term
| What does the large intestine do in the circulation of the RBCs? |
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Definition
| accepts the bile with bilirubin and converts it to urobilins and stercobilins |
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Term
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Definition
| monocytes that have entered tissues and have further matured; phagocytic, antigen-presenting cells |
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Term
| Surface antigens are _____ determined membrane _____ or _____. |
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Definition
| genetically; glycoproteins or glycolipids |
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Term
| Which blood type has both surface antibodies, and which has neither? |
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Definition
| AB has neither, O has both |
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Term
| Hemolytic disease of the newborn is cause with which mother/newborn blood types? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| ability of WBCs to emigrate through tissues of whole body |
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Term
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Definition
| specific chemical stimuli guide WBCs to invading pathogens, damaged tissues, and other active WBCs |
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Term
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Definition
| 50-70% of WBCs; granulocytes; phagocytic and engulf pathogens and debris; multilobed nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| 2-4% of WBCs; granulocytes; phagocytic and engulf antibody-labeled materials; increase in abundance with allergies, asthma, and parasitic infection |
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Term
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Definition
| least common WBCs; granulocytes; release histamine and other chemicals, promoting inflammatory responses |
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Term
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Definition
| 2-8%; agranulocytes; enter tissues and become macrophages |
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Term
|
Definition
| 20-30%; agranulocytes; provide defense against specific pathogens or toxins; large, round nucleus |
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Term
| totipotent vs. pluripotent vs. multipotent |
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Definition
| Totipotency is the ability of a single cell to divide and produce all of the differentiated cells in an organism; pluripotent refers to a stem cell that has the potential to differentiate into any of the three germ layers; Multipotency describes progenitor cells which have the potential to differentiate into multiple, but limited cell types |
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Term
| All formed elements arise from what? Describe this stem cell line. |
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Definition
| hemocytoblasts (multipotent stem cells); give rise to 2 other stem cell lines: lymphoid stem cells (produce lymphocytes) and myeloid stem cells (all other formed elements |
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Term
|
Definition
| low O2 concentration in blood |
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Term
| the 3 stages of hemostasis |
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Definition
1. vascular
2. platelet
3. coagulation |
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Term
| What occurs during the vascular stage of hemostasis? |
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Definition
| endothelial cells contract and expose the underlying basal lamina to the bloodstream and begin releasing chemical factors, local hormones, and endothelins; endothelial p.m. become stick to attach to broken vessel wall |
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Term
| What occurs during the platelet stage of hemostasis? |
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Definition
| platelets attach to sticky endothelial surfaces, basal laminae, exposed collagen fibers, and each other; release chemicals |
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Term
| What occurs during the coagulation stage of hemostasis? |
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Definition
| starts after 30 seconds; activation of proenzyme creates cascade (extrinsic, intrinsic, and common pathways) |
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Term
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Definition
| begins with release of tissue factor (III) by damaged endothelial cells or peripheral tissues; becomes complex capable of activating factor X |
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Term
|
Definition
| collagen fibers; PF3 and complex capable of activating factor X |
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Term
|
Definition
| activation of factor X to form enzyme prothrombinase which converts prothrombin (proenzyme) into thrombin (enzyme), which completes the clotting process by converting fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin |
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Term
|
Definition
| fibrinolysis; plasminogen; tissue plasminogen activator; plasmin |
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Term
| Venipunctures use ____ because... |
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Definition
| superficial veins; easy to locate, thin walls, low b.p. |
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Term
| Iron-deficiency anemia cause RBCs to |
|
Definition
| develop unusually small b/c they can't synthesize functional Hb- microcytes |
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Term
|
Definition
| deficiency in vitamin b12 |
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Term
| Any disorder that lowers what can impair clotting? |
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Definition
| plasma concentration of Ca2+ and vitamin k |
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Term
| Sickle cell anemia affects |
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Definition
| beta chains of Hb molecules |
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Term
| A diverse group of inherited blood disorders that are caused by the inadequate production of Hb subunits are called |
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Definition
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Term
| Malaria is cause by _____ and affects _____. |
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Definition
| protozoan plasmodium; liver cells |
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Term
| Lymphoid leukemia affects _____, while myeloid leukemia affects _____. |
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Definition
| lymphocytes; granulocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| organization of blood vessels that carries blood to and from the gas exchange surface of the lungs |
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Term
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Definition
| organization of blood vessels that transports blood to and from the rest of the body |
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Term
| Blood returning from the systemic circuit must pass through the _____ circuit before the _____ circuit. |
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Definition
| pulmonary; systemic (reenters) |
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Term
| Blood is carried away from the heart by _____, and toward it by _____. |
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Definition
| arteries (efferent vessels); veins (afferent) |
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Term
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Definition
| R atrium, R ventricle, pulmonary circuit (pulmonary arteries, capillaries in lungs, pulmonary veins), L atrium, L ventricle, systemic circuit (capillaries in upper body, systemic arteries, systemic veins, capillaries in trunk and lower body) |
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|
Term
| layers of arteries and veins |
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Definition
1. tunica intima
2. tunica media
3. tunica externa |
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Term
|
Definition
| endothelial lining and an underlying layer of connective tissue containing elastic fibers |
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Term
| internal elastic membrane |
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Definition
| outer margin of tunica intima in arteries |
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Term
|
Definition
| concentric sheets of smooth muscle tissue |
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Term
|
Definition
| connective tissue sheath with collagen fibers scattered with band of elastic fibers |
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Term
| The tunica _____ is thicker in veins than in arteries. |
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Definition
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Term
| vasodilation vs. vasoconstriction |
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Definition
| changes in diameter of the smooth muscle tissue of the tunica media |
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Term
| typical capillary structure |
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Definition
| a tube of endothelial cells within a delicate basal lamina; there is no tunica media or externa |
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Term
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Definition
| endothelium is a complete lining to prevent the loss of blood cells and plasma proteins; located in all tissues of the body except epithelia and cartilage |
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Term
|
Definition
| contains windows or pores that penetrate the endothelial lining to permit the rapid exchange of water and large solutes; located in choroid plexus of brain and the capillaries of most of the endocrine system |
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Term
|
Definition
| flattened and irregularly shaped fenestrated capillaries that commonly have gaps between adjacent endothelial cells; occur in liver, bone marrow, spleen, and many endocrine organs |
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Term
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Definition
| a smooth muscle within the wall of the initial part of a capillary that is capable of changing its diameter |
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Term
| After the metarteriole, the rest of the capillary bed passageway is called the _____. |
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Definition
| thoroughfare channel (direct passages through the capillary bed |
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Term
| pressure of the venous system |
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Definition
| very low (in peripheral venules and medium veins, only 10% that of the ascending aorta) and continue to fall along the venous system |
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Term
|
Definition
| folds of the tunica intima in large veins of the limbs that project from the vessel wall and point in the direction of blood flow to allow blood to be able to get back to the heart while overcoming the force of gravity b/c the pressure in veins is so low |
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Term
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Definition
| compartments in the veins help divide the weight of the blood + the contractions of surrounding skeletal muscles = help to overcome the pull of gravity |
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Term
| The systemic venous system contains how much of the total blood volume? |
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Definition
| nearly 2/3 (about 3.5/6L) |
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Term
|
Definition
| constriction of the veins using inner smooth muscles to decrease the diameter of veins to maintain the volume of blood in the arterial system when there is significant blood loss |
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|
Term
| The pulmonary circuit is different b/c |
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Definition
| it's relatively short, goes b/w the heart and the lungs, and carries deoxygenated blood away from the heart with arteries and oxygenated blood back to the heart with veins |
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Term
| The peripheral distribution of vessels in the pulmonary circuit is |
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Definition
| generally identical on both sides of the body except near the heart |
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Term
| Why are tissues and organs usually serviced by several arteries and veins? |
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Definition
| to reduce the impact if a temporary or permanent occlusion occurs |
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Term
| In the systemic arterial system, all vessels originate from where? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| In the systemic venous system, all vessels merge into what? |
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Definition
| the superior and inferior vena cava |
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Term
|
Definition
| collects systemic blood from the head, chest, and upper limbs |
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Term
|
Definition
| collects systemic blood from all structures inferior to the diaphragm |
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Term
| Do vessels ever change names? |
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Definition
| yes as they branch or move into new areas |
|
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Term
| 1st, 2nd, and 3rd best venipunctures |
|
Definition
1. Median cubital vein
2. Cephalic vein
3. basilic vein |
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|
Term
| The branches of the aortic arch supply structures that are drained by the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| artery branches of the aortic arch (in the upper limb) |
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Definition
| Brachiocephalic trunk, right subclavian, axillary, brachial, radial and ulnar, deep palmar, superficial palmar, digital (all arteries) |
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Term
| vein branches of the aortic arch (in the upper limb) that drain into the superior vena cava |
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Definition
| cephalic, median cubital, basilic (this also starts in the wrist as well as is a branch from the median cubital), brachial, axillary, external jugular, internal jugular, vertebral, superior vena cava |
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Term
|
Definition
| head and neck; palpated alongside trachea (windpipe); contains carotid sinus |
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Term
| Branches of common carotid artery |
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Definition
| External carotid artery; internal carotid artery (brain and eyes) |
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Term
|
Definition
| enter cranium and fuse into basilar artery |
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Term
|
Definition
| external and internal jugular and vertebral |
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|
Term
| Branches of internal carotid artery |
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Definition
| in the brain; Ophthalmic artery (eyes); Anterior cerebral artery (frontal and parietal lobes of brain); Middle cerebral artery (midbrain and lateral surfaces of cerebral hemispheres) |
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Term
|
Definition
| (circle of Willis); Formed by internal carotid arteries and basilar artery; Encircles infundibulum of pituitary gland; Arrangement reduces likelihood of serious interruption of cerebral blood flow |
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Term
|
Definition
| superficial cerebral veins and small brain stem veins |
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Term
|
Definition
Superior sagittal sinus
Inferior sagittal sinus
Straight sinus
Cavernous sinus
Occipital sinus |
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Term
|
Definition
| right transverse, right sigmoid, and petrosal |
|
|
Term
| Celiac trunk (three branches) |
|
Definition
1. Left gastric artery (stomach and inferior esophagus)
2. Splenic artery (spleen and stomach arteries)
3. Common hepatic artery (arteries to liver, stomach, gallbladder, and proximal small intestine) |
|
|
Term
| Major unpaired branches of abdominal aorta |
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Definition
| Celiac trunk, Superior mesenteric artery, and Inferior mesenteric artery |
|
|
Term
| Superior mesenteric artery |
|
Definition
| pancreas, duodenum, most of large intestine |
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|
Term
| Inferior mesenteric artery |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Major tributaries of inferior vena cava |
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Definition
| Lumbar veins (lumbar portion of abdomen), Gonadal veins (gonads), Hepatic veins (liver), Renal veins (kidneys), Adrenal veins (adrenal glands), Phrenic veins (diaphragm) |
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|
Term
| Inferior mesenteric artery |
|
Definition
Left colic (colon)
Sigmoid (colon)
Rectal (colon) |
|
|
Term
| Branches of the splenic artery |
|
Definition
Left gastroepiploic (stomach)
Pancreatic (pancreas) |
|
|
Term
| Hepatic portal vein tributaries |
|
Definition
| Splenic vein and tributaries, and Inferior mesenteric vein and tributaries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Internal iliac artery and external iliac artery |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| bladder, pelvic walls, external genitalia, medial side of thigh, in females, uterus and vagina |
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Term
|
Definition
| Femoral artery, Deep femoral artery, Femoral circumflex arteries (ventral and lateral skin and deep muscles of thigh), Popliteal artery (posterior knee), Posterior and anterior tibial arteries (leg), Fibular artery (lateral leg) |
|
|
Term
| External and internal iliac veins fuse to form |
|
Definition
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