- We normally produce antibodies against those antigens that are not on our erythrocytes

- We do not produce antibodies against those that are present on our erythrocytes

- Blood type is based on the antigens, not the antibodies present

- Surface Molecules a.k.a. Antigens

- Antibodes a.k.a. Agglutinins

- Red Blood Cells (RBC) a.k.a. Erythrocyte

AB Blood type (donor) can give a transfusion to only the AB blood type

BUT

AB blood type (recipient) can receive a transfusion from blood from all ABO blood types

Universal Recipient

O blood type (donor) can give a transfusion to all ABO blood types

universal donor

BUT

O blood type (recipient) can receive a transfusion from only the O blood type

- The recipient with blood type AB has erythrocytes with the A and B antigens and has neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies

- A transfusion can safely occur between a recipient with type O blood and a donor with type O blood because the recipient with type O blood has no antigens (neither A nor B) on his erythrocytes and the donor with type O blood likewise has no antigens on his erythrocytes. The recipient with blood type O has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in his plasma, therefore he cannor receive blood from a donor with antigens A or B on his erythrocytes

- Type O: 45%

- Type A: 39%

- Type B: 12%

- Type AB: 4%

- You inherit one allele from your mother and one allele from your father

- Your blood genotype is the combination of the alleles inherited from your parents

- A and B are dominant alleles

- Your blood phenotype ("Blood Type") is produced by the combination of three different alleles: A,B,O

- Only the dominant alleles are indicated

- Another antigen on the RBC

- Humans who have this antigen (D factor) are said to be Rh+

- Humans who lack this antigen (D factor) are said to be Rh-

- It's more common to be Rh+ than Rh-

- If agglutination (clumping) occurs only in the blood sample to which anti-A antibodies (anti-A serum) was added, the blood type is A

- If agglutinaiton occurs only in the blood sample to which anti-D antibodies was added, the blodd type is Rh+

-Plasma (55% of whole blood)

- Buffy Coat: leukocytes and platelets (<1% of whole blood)

- Erythrocytes (44% of whole blood)

- Liquid portion of blood

- Mostly water

- Converted to fibrin when blood clots

- Serum= plasma without clotting factors

- Red blood cells (~45%)

- Hematocrit- test for the % of packed RBC's

- Biconcave disc

- Anucleated

-120 day life span

- 7-8 micrometers in diameter

~ 5,000,000 cells per microliter

- ~15 grams Hb/100 ml of blood

- Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen

- Production of red blood cells

- Production is under hormonal control

- Erythropoietin- Day 1: proerythroblast

- Day 2: early erythroblast 

- Day 3: late erythroblast

- Day 4: normoblast

- Day 5-7: reticulocyte

Mature red blood cell

Any condition in which the count of erythrocytes per cubic millimeter of blood is less than the normal range

fewer RBC's= reduced oxygen to tissues, strain on heart

Hemoglobin is a protein inside red blood cells that carries oxygen. Sickle cell anemia is caused by an abnormal type of hemoglobin called hemoglobin S. Hemoglobin S distorts the shape of red blood cells, especially when there is low oxygen.

White blood cells

~5,000 WBCs/microliter

- Neutrophils

- Eosinohils

- Basophils

- Monocytes

- Lymphocytes

- Polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leukocytes= PMNs

- Have pale granules

- Attack and digest bacteria

- Granules stain bright red with eosin

- Attack parasitic worms

- Granules stain dark blue with basic dyes

- Histamine promotes inflammation

- Enter infected tissues and become macrophages

- Attack and digest bacteria

- T lymphocytes- stimulated by thymic hormones and responsible for "cell mediated" immunity

- B lymphocytes- responsible for "humoral" immunity, mature in bone marrow and antibody produciton

- Neutrophils (50-70%)

- Lymphocytes (20-30%)

- Monocytes (2-8%)

- Eosinophils (2-4%)

- Basophils (<1%)

- Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas

Thrombocytes

Clot-producing cells

- Derived from megakaryocytes

- Normal counts= 120,000-350,000/ microliter

- hemostatic function= forms temporary platelet plug

- thrombopoietin= hormone that stimulates production

- thrombocytopenia- less than normal number of platelets; causes a bleeding disorder

- Venous return from cardiac muscle tissue via small, middle, and great cardiac veins

- Great cardiac vein becomes the coronary sinus prior to entering the right atrium

- Right Coronary Artery/Small Cardiac Veins- marginal artery/posterior interventricular artery/middle cardiac vein

- Left Coronary Artery/Great Cardiac Vein- anterior interventricular artery/great cardiac vein/circumflex artery

- Coronary sinus (great cardiac vein to sinus, sinus to vena cava/right atrium)

1. Oxygen poor blood is emptied into the right atrium via the SVC and IVC

2. Deoxygenated blood travels through the right side of the heart and out to the lungs

3. Blood is reoxygenated in the lungs (gas exchange)

4. Oxygenated blood returns to the left side of the heart for distribution through the body via aorta and arteries of the systemic circuit

5. Anastomosis occurs between arteries and veins; low oxygen blood is passed into the veins 

6. Veins carry blood to the SVC and IVC

- Pulmonary circuit consists of the right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary arteries and veins

- Blood travels to the lungs via pulmonary arteries

- Unloads CO2 and replenish O2 levels in the blood before returning to the left atrium via pulmonary veins

- This O2 rich blood has now entered the systemic circuit

- Blood Flow Through

- Heart

- Lungs

- System of Arteries and Veins

- Systemic circuit consists of the left atrium and ventricle, along with all the other named blood vessels

- Oxygenated blood from the left ventricle is pumped into the aorta, the largest systemic artery in the body, and then into smaller systemic arteries

- Gas exchange in tissues occurs from capillaries

- Systemic veins carry CO2-rich blood and waste products; merge and drain into the superior and inferior venae cavae

- Blood drains into the right atrium and thus re-enters the pulmonary circuit

- Permits bloodflow between the atria

- Opening in the interatrial septum

- Flap closes shut and leaves a "thumbprint" 

- Adult=fossa ovale

- Joins pulmonary trunk to aorta

- adult= ligamentum arteriosum

- Period of time from the start of one heartbeat to the initiation of the next

- All chambers within the heart experience alternate periods of contraction and relaxation

- Contraciton of a heart chamber is called systole (forces blood either into another chamber-from atrium to ventricle- or into a blood vessel- from a ventricle into the attched large artery)

- Relaxation phase of a heart chamber is termed diastole (myocardium of each chamber relaxes between contraciton phases, and the chamber fills with blood)

- Contraction of a heart chamber

- forces blood either into another chamber- from atrium to ventricle- or into a blood vessel- from a ventricle into the attached large artery

- Relaxation phase of the heart

- Myocardium of each chamber relaxes between contraction phases, and the chamber fills with blood

- The heart is innervated by the autonomic nervous system

- Both sympathetic and parasympathetic components reach the heart through the coronary plexus

- This innervation by autonomic centers in the hindbrain doesn't initiate the heartbeat, but it can increase or decrease the heartbeat- autorhythmacy

- Sympathetic innervation increases the rate and the force of heart contracitons

- Parasympathetic innervation decreases heart rate, but tends to have little or no effect on the corce of contractions

- "pacemaker," initiates heartbeat and determines heart rate

1. All four chambers are relaxed (diastole)

- blood flows into the heart from the vena cavae and pulmonary veins

- As the AV valves are open, blood flows into the ventricles

2. SA node fires

- electrical excitation in atrial myocardium produces P wave

- Atrial contraciton (systole) is initiated

- Contracting atria finish filling the ventricles

3. AV node fires

- Electrical excitation in ventricles produces QRS complex

- Ventricular contraction (systole) occurs while the atria relax

- AV valves shut and semilunar valves open

- Blood is ejected by ventricles into aorta and pulmonary trunk

4. Ventricles Repolarize

- T wave marks repolarizaiton

- All four chambers relax (diastole)

- Beats per minute

- normal heart rate at rest: 60-100 bpm

1. The higher value reflects the highest pressure in the arteries, which is reached when the heart contracts (during systole)

2. The lower value reflects the lowest pressure in the arteries, which is reached just before the heart begins to contract again (during diastole)

- Blood pressure is written as systolic/diastolic pressure

- Units= mmHg (millimeters of mercury)

- Reading is states as "120 over 80"

- top number

- optimal value 115 mmHg; 140 or greater is considered high

- Bottom number

- optimal value 75mmHg; 90 or greater is considered high

- Vessels are an efficient mode of transport for blood carrying oxygen, nutrients, and waste products to and from body tissues

- Heart is the mechanical pump that propels the blood through the vessels (closed-loop system)

- Vessels are flexible and (somewhat) mobile; pulsate and change shape in accordance with the body's needs

- Vessels generally named by the body region they transverse, the bone next to them, or the structures they supply

- Arteries and Veins that travel together sometimes share the same name

Vessels that extend to/from body tissues

- Arteries convey blood away from the heart to the body (oxygen rich)- arteries-arterioles-capillaries (gas and nutrient exchange)

- from the capillaries, veins return blood to the heart (oxygen poor)- capillaries-venules-veins

- Site where two or more vessels merge to supply the same body region is called an anastomosis (most common in veins)

- outermost layer of the blood vessel wall

- areolar connective tissue with elastic and collagen fibers

- anchor the vessel to other tissues

- Innermost layer of a blood vessel wall

- Composed of an endothelium and a subenothelial layer

- Systemic arteries caryy oxygenated blood to the body tissues

- Pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs

- The three types of arteries:

1. elastic arteries

2. Muscular arteries

3. Arterioles

- as an artery's diameter decreses: 

- corresponding decrease in the amount of elastic fibers

- relative increase in the amount of smooth muscle